Deficiency of vitamin A causes night blindness Answer : (d)

Bile juice helps in the digestion of fat. if bile duct gets chocked bile juice will not available will cause little absorption of fat Answer : (d)

Homodont Describing animals whose teeth are all of the same type. Most vertebrates except mammals are homodont.Similar cone shape teeth is Homodont Answer : (c)

After hours of non-consumption, leptin levels drop significantly. These low levels of leptin cause the release of a secondary hormone, ghrelin, which in turn reinitiates the feeling of hunger. Leptin , the "satiety hormone",is a hormone made by adipose cells that helps to regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger. Answer : (b)

Biotin is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin that helps the body metabolize proteins and process glucose. It is also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H His bundle pacing is an innovative approach in which permanent pacemaker leads are placed at the Bundle of His (or His bundle) instead of in the right ventricle (the traditional approach). Answer : (c)

Digestive juice contains catalytic agents called Enzymes. Answer : (c)

4 Kcalories in a gram of carbohydrate or protein 9 Kcalories in a gram of fat Answer : (b)

Its primary function is to store and concentrate bile, a yellow-brown digestive enzyme produced by the liver. Answer : (b)

Lysozyme is abundant in secretions including tears, saliva, human milk, and mucus Answer : (c)

Answer : (c)

Protein substrate binds to carboxypeptidase. A zinc ion (Zn2+) is tightly bound near the active site and assists in catalysis. Answer : (a)

An average person doing moderate work requires daily an energy 2800 kcal Answer : (d)

Osteomalacia is the softening of the bones caused by impaired bone metabolism primarily due to inadequate levels of available phosphate, calcium, and vitamin D. Answer : (a)

The process of peristalsis begins in the esophagus when a bolus of food is swallowed Answer : (d)

Types of Absorption in Small Intestine 1. Passive diffusion - Nutrients pass through enterocytes and into bloodstream w/o carrier protein or energy – lipids, water, vitamin C, minerals 2. Facilitated diffusion - Nutrients pass through enterocytes with help of a carrier protein but don’t require energy – monosaccharide fructose 3. Active transport - Requires the use of energy to transport nutrients in combination with a carrier protein – glucose, galactose, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, amino acids 4. Endocytosis - A form of active transport by which a small amount of the intestinal contents is engulfed by the enterocyte’s cell membrane and incorporated into the cell – some proteins and other large particles Answer : (d)

Part of tongue that gives feeling of sweetness is tip Answer : (a)

Submaxillary a salivary gland inside the lower jaw on either side that produces most of the nocturnal saliva; discharges saliva into the mouth under the tongue. The paired sublingual glands are major salivary glands in the mouth. Answer : (d)

A steroid is an organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals and other vertebrates. Answer : (a)

Pancreatic juice is a liquid secreted by the pancreas, which contains a variety of enzymes, including trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, nucleases and amylase. Answer : (a)

Pancreas secrets hormones, including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. The pancreas is also a digestive organ, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that assist digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. Renin is secreted from juxtaglomerular kidney cells Answer : (c)

In digestive systems, symbiotic bacteria help break down foods that contain fiber. They also help produce vitamins. Symbiotic bacteria in humans produce is Vitamins B and K Answer : (a)

The liver is an accessory digestive organ that produces bile, a fluid containing cholesterol and bile acids, and an alkaline compound which helps the breakdown of fat. The liver's stores of ferritin are the primary physiologic source of reserve iron in the body Answer : (d)

Hydrochloric acid activates pepsinogen into the enzyme pepsin, which then helps digestion by breaking the bonds linking amino acids, a process known as proteolysis. Answer : (b)

Bilirubin and bile give faeces its normal brown color. Bilirubin is a byproduct of red blood cells. It’s produced in the liver and then moves to the gallbladder, where it mixes with bile. Answer : (c)

Rickets is a bone disorder caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate. Answer : (a)

Glucagon generally elevates the concentration of glucose in the blood by promoting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Glucagon also regulates the rate of glucose production through lipolysis. Glucagon induces lipolysis in humans under conditions of insulin suppression Answer : (b)

Normally, every adult has two canine teeth in each upper and lower jaw Note :Upper Half meaning is the upper area or section of a person or things Answer : (c)

The rumen, also known as a paunch, forms the larger part of the reticulorumen, which is the first chamber in the alimentary canal of ruminant animals. It serves as the primary site for microbial fermentation of ingested feed,than can break down cellulose (foregut fermentation). Answer : (a)

Hydrolysis of the lipid results in breaking the fatty acids off, leaving free fatty acids and a glycerol molecule, and using up three water molecules. Answer : (b)

An essential amino acid, or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo (from scratch) by the organism, and thus must be supplied in its diet. Answer : (d)

Answer : (c)

Substrates of lipase are fats. They are split into fatty acids and glycerol. Answer : (a)

Putrefying bacteria are bacteria involved in putrefaction of living matter Degradation of undigested protein in the colon is called putrefaction; Answer : (d)

Crypts of Lieberkühn are intestinal glands Steapsin is a pancreatic lipase that aids the digestion of fats Answer : (b)

Pyridoxine - C8H11NO3 Cysteine - HO2CCH(NH2)CH2SH Ferredoxin - Fe3S4 Methionine - C5H11NO2S Answer : (c)

A gastric chief cell (or peptic cell, or gastric zymogenic cell) is a type of cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and gastric lipase and is the cell responsible for secretion of chymosin in ruminants. Answer : (c)

Anemia, also spelled anaemia, is usually defined as a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood. Causes of decreased production include iron deficiency, a lack of vitamin B12, thalassemia. Answer : (b)

Shark liver oil is used along with usual cancer drugs to treat leukemia and other cancers; to prevent radiation illness from cancer X-ray therapy; to prevent the common cold, flu, and swine flu; and to boost the body’s immune system. It is also used for increasing white cell counts during treatment with anti-cancer drugs Answer : (c)

An enterogastrone is any hormone secreted by the mucosa of the duodenum in the lower gastrointestinal tract in response to dietary lipids that inhibits the caudal (or "forward, analward") motion of the contents of chyme. Answer : (a)

Vitamin D, absorb calcium, which helps to build bones and keep bones strong and healthy. Block the release of parathyroid hormone. Answer : (b)

TB is spread from person to person through the air. Smallpox The virus can be transmitted through the air by droplets that escape when an infected person coughs, sneezes or talks Cancer is caused by accumulated damage to genes. Such changes may be due to chance or to exposure to a cancer causing substance. Two of the viruses that cause hepatitis (hepatitis A and E) can be transmitted through water, food and from person to person. Answer : (d)

Secretin is a hormone released into the bloodstream by the duodenum (especially in response to acidity) to stimulate secretion by the liver and pancreas. Answer : (d)

Gallbladder is a small organ where bile is stored and concentrated before it is released into the small intestine Answer : (a)

Holozoic nutrition is a kind of nutritional method that involves the ingestion of food either by liquid or solid organic material. Answer : (c)

Ergosterol is a compound present in ergot and many other fungi. A steroid alcohol, it is converted to vitamin D2 when irradiated with ultraviolet light. synthesis of vitamin D (specifically cholecalciferol) in the skin is the major natural source of the vitamin. Vitamin D is made in the skin from cholesterol dependent on sun exposure (specifically UVB radiation). Answer : (d)

Enteropeptidase converts trypsinogen (a zymogen) into its active form trypsin, resulting in the subsequent activation of pancreatic digestive enzymes. Absence of enteropeptidase results in intestinal digestion impairment. Answer : (c)

Oxyntic (Parietal cells also known as or delomorphous cells), are the epithelial cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. These cells are located in the gastric glands found in the lining of the fundus and in the body of the stomach. Answer : (c)

Parietal cells (also known as oxyntic or delomorphous cells), are the epithelial cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) Answer : (d)

Enteropeptidase (Enterokinase) converts trypsinogen (a zymogen) into its active form trypsin, resulting in the subsequent activation of pancreatic digestive enzymes Answer : (c)

Micrionutrient or trace elements Boron , Calcium, Cobalt, Chlorine,Chromium Copper Iodine Iron Lithium Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Phosphorus Potassium Selenium Sodium Sulfur Zinc Answer : (c)