Pancreatic juice contains digestive enzymes that pass to the small intestine where they help to further break down the carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids (fats) in the chyme. Answer : (c)

Trypsinogen, as a precursor of trypsin, functions as storage of an inactive form of trypsin so that it may be kept in the pancreas and released in significant amount when required for protein digestion. It is activated by enteropeptidase( enterokinase). Answer : (b)

Vitamin A, D, E and K are fat soluble Water soluble vitamins include Vitamin C and the vitamin B complex: thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), Vitamin B6, biotin (B7), folic acid (B9), Vitamin B12. Vitamin A in its Beta-Carotene form is also water-soluble Answer : (a)

Keratomalacia is an eye disorder that results from vitamin A deficiency. Answer : (d)

The ampulla of Vater (hepatopancreatic duct) opens along the second part of the duodenum. Answer : (b)

Answer : (d)

Part of bile useful in digestion is Bile salts. The function of bile salts in the duodenum is to solubilize ingested fat and fat-soluble vitamins, facilitating their digestion and absorption. Answer : (b)

Enteropeptidase (also called enterokinase) is an enzyme produced by cells of the duodenum and involved in human and animal digestion. Enteropeptidase converts trypsinogen (a zymogen) into its active form trypsin, resulting in the subsequent activation of pancreatic digestive enzymes. Answer : (b)

Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in humans, animals. and fungi glycogen is made and stored primarily in the cells of the liver and the muscles Answer : (d)

Vitamin B12 contains the biochemically rare element cobalt (chemical symbol Co) positioned in the center of a planar tetra-pyrrole ring called a corrin ring. Answer : (b)

Bile juice contains no digestive enzymes, yet it is important for digestion. Bile juice has bile pigments such as bilirubin and biliverdin. These break down large fat globules into smaller globules so that the pancreatic enzymes can easily act on them. This process is known as emulsification of fats. Answer : (a)

pancreatic lipase (HPL), which is the main enzyme that breaks down dietary fats in the human digestive system, converts triglyceride substrates found in ingested oils to monoglycerides and two fatty acids. Answer : (b)

The Brunner glands, which empty into the intestinal glands, secrete an alkaline fluid composed of mucin, which exerts a physiologic anti-acid function by coating the duodenal epithelium, therefore protecting it from the acid chyme of the stomach Secretion of these glands contributes to a layer of mucus which forms a slimy, viscoelastic gel which lubricates the lining of the proximal part of intestine Goblet cells which secretes the main component of mucus The gastric chief cell (also known as a zymogenic cell or peptic cell) is a cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and chymosin. Pepsinogen is activated into the digestive enzyme pepsin when it comes in contact with acid produced by gastric parietal cells Answer : (c)

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with the mechanical action of chewing and the chemical action of salivary amylase. Carbohydrates are not chemically broken down in the stomach, but rather in the small intestine Answer : (b)

Kupffer's cells function red blood cells are broken down by phagocytic action, where the hemoglobin molecule is split. Answer : (b)

Pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides (that is, a protease). It is produced in the stomach and is one of the main digestive enzymes in the digestive systems of humans and many other animals, where it helps digest the proteins in food. Answer : (a)

Kwashiorkor is protein/ essential amino acid deficiency Answer : (a)

Gaucher's disease is the result of a buildup of certain fatty substances in certain organs, particularly your spleen and liver. Answer : (a)

Keratinization is important because keratin is a tough, fibrous, waterproof protein that gives skin its resiliency & strength Vitamin E is the major naturally occurring lipid-soluble non-enzymatic antioxidant protecting skin from the adverse effects of oxidative stress including photoaging. Vitamin E administration can prevent the epithelial keratinization. Answer : (c)

Cells in the kidney that synthesize, store, and secrete the enzyme renin. Answer : (c)

Golden rice is a variety of rice (Oryza sativa) produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, in the edible parts of rice. Vitamin A deficiency causes blingness Answer : (d)

Peyer's patches : one of a group of solitary nodules or groups of lymph nodes forming a single layer in the mucous membrane of the ileum opposite the mesenteric attachment. Answer : (d)

Succus entericus term for the sum total of intestinal secretion. Crypts of Lieberkuhn secrete intestinal juice Succus entericus also called intestinal juice is a fluid that is secreted in small quantity in the small intestine. The secretions of the brush border cells of the mucosa alongwith the secretions of the goblet cells constitute this intestinal juice. It is highly variable in constitution, and contains various enzymes (such as erepsin, lipase, lactase, invertase, enterokinase, dipeptidases, nucleosidases and maltase) and mucus. Brunner's glands are the glands present in the walls of the duodenum, a part of small intestine. Brunner's glands secrete watery substance called as mucoid fluid. This is an alkaline secretion which is viscous in nature. It does not have any enzymes but it helps in protecting the inner walls of the intestine from the acidic activity of the chyme received from the stomach. Answer : (a)

Calcium(Ca), Needed for bone and tooth formation; heart function and blood coagulation; Answer : (d)

lobule is made up of millions of hepatic cells (hepatocytes), which are the basic metabolic cells. The lobules are held together by a fine, dense, irregular, fibroelastic connective tissue layer extending from the fibrous capsule covering the entire liver known as Glisson's capsule a = 3 Brunner's glands (or duodenal glands) are compound tubular submucosal glands found in that portion of the duodenum which is above the hepatopancreatic sphincter b = 1 crypts of Lieberk端hn (intestinal glands) Tubular glands that lie between the finger-like projections of the inner surface of the small intestine Answer : (d)

A,D,E, K are fat soluble Answer : (c)

Answer : (c)

Renin is secreted from juxtaglomerular kidney cells Answer : (b)

Dental fluorosis is a common disorder, characterized by hypomineralization of tooth enamel caused by ingestion of excessive fluoride during enamel formation. When fluorosis is moderate, all of the surfaces of the teeth are mottled and teeth may be ground down and brown stains frequently "disfigure" the teeth Answer : (a)

Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen (n) to glucose-6-phosphate and glycogen (n-1). Answer : (d)

yellow fruit, carrots and butter contain vitamin A One of the first signs of vitamin A deficiency is night blindness. A lack of vitamin A causes the cornea to become very dry, leading to clouding of the front of the eye, corneal ulcers and vision loss. Vitamin A deficiency also causes damage to the retina, which also contributes to blindness Answer : (c)

Enterokinase : a duodenal enzyme that converts trypsinogen to trypsin Answer : (c)

The quadrate lobe is an area of the liver situated on the under surface of the medial segment left lobe , bounded in front by the anterior margin of the liver; behind by the porta hepatis; on the right, by the fossa for the gall-bladder; and on the left, by the fossa for the umbilical vein. Answer : (a)

Hepatocellular jaundice occurs as a result of liver disease or injury. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is formed by the breakdown of dead red blood cells in the liver. Normally, the liver gets rid of bilirubin along with old red blood cells. Answer : (b)

Kwashiorkor, also called protein malnutrition, condition caused by severe protein deficiency. It is common in young children weaned to a diet consisting chiefly of cereal grains, cassava, plantain, and sweet potato or similar starchy foods. Infants are feed on mother milk which is rich in protein Answer : (a)

Vitamin K plays a key role in blood clotting, deficiency causes Haemorrhagic diseases of new born (i) - (b) vitamin D deficiency has been associated with rickets, a disease in which the bone tissue doesn't properly mineralize, leading to soft bones and skeletal deformities (ii) - (d) Beriberi is a disease caused by a vitamin B-1 deficiency, also known as thiamine deficiency.(iii) - (a) Vitamin A has a major role in phototransduction deficiency causes Night blindness.(iv) - (c) Answer : (c)

Calciferol is vitamin D Answer : (d)

All members of the deer family except for the musk deer, all of the equine family (Horse family including zebras), camels, giraffes, elephants, rhinoceroses, whales, some birds (such as doves), rats and some fish do not have gallbladders. Answer : (a)

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid Oranges contain 53 mg of vitamin C per 100 grams. One medium orange delivers 70 mg of vitamin C. Other citrus fruits, such as grapefruit, mandarins and limes, are also good sources of this vitamin Answer : (d)

Alpha cells of islets of Langerhans secrete the peptide hormone glucagon, which elevates the glucose levels in the blood. Option a wrong Oxyntic cells secrete HCl option b correct Kupffer cells digests cellular debris, foreign substances, microbes, cancer cells, and anything else that does not have the types of proteins specific to healthy body cells on its surface Option c wrong Sebaceous glands are microscopic exocrine glands in the skin that secrete an oily or waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair of mammals. Option d wrong Answer : (a)

Cod liver oil contains relatively high amounts of vitamin A and vitamin D. Answer : (c)

Symptoms of thiamine deficiency, or a lack of vitamin B1, include fatigue, irritability, depression and stomach problems. Symptoms of riboflavin deficiency include: swelling and fissuring of the lips (cheilosis). ulceration and cracking of the angles of the mouth (angular stomatitisis). oily, scaly skin rashes on the scrotum, vulva, or area between the nose and lips. inflammation of the tongue. red, itchy eyes that are sensitive to light. Symptoms of Vitamin C deficiency include: Rapid mood changes, short tempers, and irritability can be an early sign of scurvy Symptoms of vitamin K deficiency include: heavy menstrual bleeding, gum bleeding, nose bleeding, and easy bruising,bleeding within the digestive tract and blood in the urine. Answer : (d)

Wisdom teeth are the last molars third and final set of molars that most people get in their late teens or early twenties. Answer : (b)

Waves of muscular contraction move along its wall from one end to the other, waves pass every 20 seconds mixing food in stomach acid Answer : (a)

The hepatopancreatic duct also known as ampulla of Vater or the hepatopancreatic ampulla , is formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct. The sphincter of Oddi (SO) is critically located at the junction of the common bile duct (CBD), main pancreatic duct (hepatopancreatic duct) , and the duodenum c - p Sphincter ani internus (Internal sphincter ani) is a muscular ring which surrounds about 2.5 cm. of the anal canal; a - r cardiac sphincter, at the upper portion (cardia) of the stomach b-q Sphincter of Oddi guards the opening of the hepatopancreatic duct into the duodenum.c-p The ileocecal valve is a sphincter muscle valve that separates the small intestine and the large intestine d-t The pyloric sphincter is a band of smooth muscle at the junction between the pylorus of the stomach and the duodenum of the small intestine e-q Answer : (c)

I) HCl converts the inactive enzyme pepsinogen into the active enzyme pepsin. II) Hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice present in the stomach activates prorennin, and converts it into its active form, rennin. II)Hydrochloric acid hydrolysis of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides yields simpler monosaccharides sugars SOLUTION Answer : (d)

The juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells, or granular cells) are cells in the kidney that synthesize, store, and secrete the enzyme renin. Rennin is produced in the form of inactive prorennin. synthesized by chief cells in the stomach. The gastric chief cell also known as a zymogenic cell or peptic cell Option b correct Sertoli cells to secrete androgen-binding protein into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. Hepatocytes make up 70-85% of the liver's mass. These cells are involved in: Protein synthesis. Answer : (b)

A part of the enteric nervous system, the Auerbach's plexus (myenteric plexus) exists between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscularis externa in the gastrointestinal tract Answer : (c)

Gastric zymogenic cell is a type of cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and gastric lipase Answer : (b)

Chyme or chymus is the semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that is expelled by the stomach, through the pyloric valve, into the duodenum Answer : (b)