Pernicious anaemia : Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, of which pernicious anemia is a type, is a disease in which not enough red blood cells are present due to a lack of vitamin B12. Answer : (c)

Deglutition : the action or process of swallowing. Answer : (d)

Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of contents of the stomach and often, the proximal small intestine. Answer : (a)

Sir Edward Mellanby in Great Britain discovered Vitamin D Answer : (a)

Cyanocobalamin is a synthetic form of vitamin B12 Calciferol is vitamin D Answer : (c)

Xerophthalmia is a medical condition in which the eye fails to produce tears. It may be caused by vitamin A deficiency. Retinol, also known as Vitamin A1 is a fat soluble vitamin. Answer : (a)

Stool of an infant feeding entirely on whitish mother's milk is yellow due to Bile pigments Answer : (c)

Bilirubin, a brownish yellow pigment of bile, secreted by the liver in vertebrates, which gives to solid waste products (feces) their characteristic colour. It is produced in bone marrow cells and in the liver as the end product of red-blood-cell (hemoglobin) breakdown. Answer : (a)

The gallbladder acts as a storage vessel for bile produced by the liver. Bile is produced by hepatocytes cells in the liver and passes through the bile ducts to the cystic duct. From the cystic duct, bile is pushed into the gallbladder by peristalsis Answer : (c)

When sunshine in the UV-B spectrum strikes the skin, it converts a substance in the skin called 7-dehydrocholesterol into vitamin D3 Answer : (b)

The digestive system -- which can be up to 30 feet (9.144 m) in length in adults -- is usually divided into eight parts: the mouth, the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestine (or "small bowel") and the large intestine (also called "large bowel" or "colon") Answer : (c)

The term “pernicious” means “deadly.” The condition is called pernicious anemia because it often was fatal in the past, before vitamin B12 treatments were available. Pernicious anemia is a condition in which the body can't make enough healthy red blood cells because it doesn't have enough vitamin B12. Answer : (c)

Peptidase, also called protease or proteinase,an enzyme which breaks down peptides into amino acids. It is a type of enzyme that helps to break down proteins in the body. Answer : (c)

Gamma Urogastrone. Human epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a polypeptide growth hormone that plays an important role in the regulation of growth, proliferation, and differentiation of a wide range of cells by binding to EGF receptors. Urogastrone secreted by the submandibular salivary glands, duodenal Brunner's glands, small intestinal Paneth cells, and other exocrine glands including the pancreas Answer : (c)

human teeth have all of these characteristic that’s why their dentition refers to as thecodont, heterodont and diphyodont. Thecodont dentition is an arrangement in which the base of the tooth is completely enclosed in a deep socket of bone is the characteristic of mammalian teeth as seen in humans Diphyodont dentition is a characteristic of mammals in which milk teeth appear in the young ones but as they grow and jaw becomes larger, milk teeth are replaced by larger permanent ones to fit in the larger jaw bone. Heterodont dentition occurs in mammals in which there are 4 functionally different types of teeth, namely, flat incisors for cutting, long and pointed canines for tearing flesh and large and broad premolars and molars with flat grinding surface. Answer : (c)

Insulin is produced in the pancreas and the Brockmann body (in some fish), and released when any of several stimuli are detected. Answer : (c)

A cross-bridge forms between actin and the myosin heads triggering contraction. As long as Ca++ ions remain in the sarcoplasm to bind to troponin, and as long as ATP is available, the muscle fiber will continue to shorten. Relaxation of a Muscle Fiber: Ca++ ions are pumped back into the SR, which causes the tropomyosin to reshield the binding sites on the actin strands. A muscle may also stop contracting when it runs out of ATP and becomes fatigued. Answer : (c)

crown refers to the anatomical area of teeth, usually covered by enamel. Enamel is the hardest substance in vertebrate body. It is ectodermal in origin and produced by ameloblasts Answer : (c)

Levels of bilirubin in blood are normally below 1.0 mg/dL (17 µmol/L) and levels over 2–3 mg/dL (34-51 µmol/L) typically results in jaundice Answer : (d)

Retinol (Vitamin A) is required for growth and reproduction of the skin, and differentiation of epithelial tissue. a- iii Tocopherol Inhibits oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids b-i Vitamin D (calciferol), which comprises a group of fat soluble seco-sterols that are found in very few foods naturally, is photosynthesized in the skin of vertebrates, helps in absorption of Ca2+ c-ii Menadione promotes the hepatic biosynthesis of blood clotting factors. d-iv Ascorbic acid is involved in the metabolism of several amino acids, leading to the formation of hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, norepinephrine, serotonin, homogenistic acid, and carnitine e-v Answer : (a)

The gonads are bifunctional organs that produce germ cells and the sex hormones. Their functions are controlled by tocopherol (vitamin E), which is essential for proper spermatogenesis, pregnancy, and lactation. Tocopherol is also responsible for proper muscular function. Answer : (a)

Enzymes secreted by the intestinal cells include intestinal lipase, amino peptidase, dipeptidase, nucleotidase, nucleosidase, and enterokinase. Answer : (b)

Ptyalin enzyme is an amylase enzyme produced by the salivary glands While Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas. Gastrin is a hormone produced by the stomach, Secretina hormone released into the bloodstream by the duodenum (especially in response to acidity) to stimulate secretion by the liver and pancreas Answer : (c)

The function of the Ileocecal valve is to prevent the waste material in the large intestine from refluxing back into the ileum. Answer : (c)

Answer:(d)

Rhodopsin is pigmented molecule derived from vitamin A. Carrot and ripe Papaya are source of vitamin A Answer : (d)

Chymosin, known also as rennin, is a proteolytic enzyme related to pepsin that synthesized by chief cells in the stomach of some animals. Its role in digestion is to curdle or coagulate milk in the stomach, a process of considerable importance in the very young animal. Answer : (c)

The gastric chief cell (also known as a zymogenic cell or peptic cell) is a cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and chymosin. Answer : (d)

The omasum, also known as the bible, the fardel, the manyplies and the psalterium, is the third compartment of the stomach in ruminants. Answer : (d)

The vitamin nicotinamide is synthesized in the liver from tryptophan, Answer : (b)

Vitamin E, C and A are antioxidant Answer : (d)

Diastema is associated with absence of certain teeth A diastema (plural diastemata) is a space or gap between two teeth. Many species of mammals have diastemata as a normal feature, most commonly between the incisors and molars. Answer : (b)

The inner layer of the stomach is full of wrinkles known as rugae (or gastric folds). Rugae both allow the stomach to stretch in order to accommodate large meals and help to grip and move food during digestion. Answer : (b)

Answer : (b)

Answer : (a)

Answer : (b)

Taking iron supplement pills and getting enough iron in food correct most cases of iron deficiency anemia. The most common cause is deficiency of iron which is an essential element of haemoglobin molecule. Deficiency of vitamin B12 (cobalamine) and folate can result in megaloblastic anaemia. This type of anaemina may be accompanied with ineffective erythropoiesis. Neurological abnormalities are peculiar symptom of the disease. The vitamins are intertwined biochemically so that the final common pathway that impairs DNA synthesis in hematopoietic cells. Megaloblastic anemia is an anemia (of macrocytic classification) that results from inhibition of DNA synthesis during red blood cell production Answer : (c)

Answer : (b)

Answer : (d)

Answer : (d)

Answer : (d)

Answer : (b)

Marasmus occurs in children that don't ingest enough protein, calories, carbohydrates, and other important nutrients. Answer : (b)

Pepsin works in the highly acidic conditions of the stomach. It has an optimum pH of about 1.5. On the other hand, trypsin works in the small intestine, parts of which have a pH of around 7.5. Trypsin's optimum pH is about 8. Answer : (c)

Boas' point is an area of tenderness to palpation to the left of the 12th thoracic vertebra found in some patients with gastric ulcer. Answer : (d)

The parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl), which lowers the pH of the gastric juice (water + enzymes + acid). The HCl inactivates salivary amylase (ptyalin) and catalyzes the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin. Answer : (a)

Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility. It is released by G cells in the pyloric antrum of the stomach, duodenum, and the pancreas. Answer : (b)

The circular folds (valves of Kerckring) (also, plicae circulares / valvulae conniventes) are large valvular flaps projecting into the lumen of the small intestine. Answer : (d)

Chyme, a thick semifluid mass of partially digested food and digestive secretions that is formed in the stomach and intestine during digestion. Starch will be fully digested thus will have only Dextron and maltose. There is no maltase, sucrase or lactase enzyme so starch or glycogen do not convert into glucose. Answer : (b)

enterokinase (also called enteropeptidase) is an enzyme produced by cells of the duodenum and involved in human and animal digestion. It is a component of intestinal juce Answer : (d)