Pepsinogen is activated by HCl Pepsin is expressed as a zymogen called pepsinogen, whose primary structure has an additional 44 amino acids. In the stomach, chief cells release pepsinogen. This zymogen is activated by hydrochloric acid (HCl), which is released from parietal cells in the stomach lining. Answer : (c)

Humans usually have 20 primary (deciduous, "baby" or "milk") teeth and 32 permanent (adult) teeth. Teeth are classified as incisors, canines, premolars (also called bicuspids), and molars. Answer : (b)

Proteolytic enzyme - any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of proteins into smaller peptide fractions and amino acids by a process known as proteolysis Papain, Ficain, Bromelain, Pepsin, Chymosin (rennin), Cathepsin, Trypsin,Erepsin are examples of Proteolytic enzyme Answer : (c)

A human liver normally weighs approximately 1.5 kg (3.3 lb), and has a width of about 15 cm (6 in). Answer : (d)

alpha-amylase called ptyalin is produced by the salivary glands Pancreatic amylase is secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine. Answer : (c)

The distinctive odor of feces is due to bacterial action. Gut flora produces compounds such as indole, skatole, and thiols (sulfur-containing compounds), as well as the inorganic gas hydrogen sulfide. These are the same compounds responsible for the odor of flatulence. Answer : (d)

Secretin, cholecystokinin and other hormones extracted from small intestine stimulate intestinal secretion mainly CCK (cholecystokinin) and secretin Answer : (b)

Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) is a member of the secretin family of hormones. GIP, along with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), belongs to a class of molecules referred to as incretins. The function of GIP is to induce insulin secretion, which is primarily stimulated by hyperosmolarity of glucose in the duodenum. Answer : (c)

lophodont :having or constituting molar teeth with transverse ridges on the grinding surface Answer : (c)

Hyperacidity results due to excess secretion of HCl Answer : (a)

A macrophage is a type of phagocyte, which is a cell responsible for detecting, engulfing and destroying pathogens and apoptotic cells. Paramecia feed on microorganisms like bacteria, algae, and yeasts. Answer : (d)

lack of dietary iodine is the main cause of goiters Answer : (c)

serotonin diffuses out of the argentaffin cells into the walls of the digestive tract, Statement (a) correct Answer : (a)

Alimentary canal of herbivorous animal is long because plant matter is difficult to digest because the nutitious parts of the plant are inside the plant cells Answer : (b)

Correct

Microvilli are microscopic and can only be seen with a very powerful microscope, also called as Brush border cell The mechanisms responsible for the solute transport across the Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) are secondary to several transport proteins located at the brush border membranes of the small and large intestine. The net fluid movement across the gastrointestinal epithelium is primarily the result of active transport of Na+, Cl−, and HCO3−, among others. Answer : (c)

Cholecystokinin plays a key role in facilitating digestion within the small intestine. It is secreted from mucosal epithelial cells in the first segment of the small intestine (duodenum), and stimulates delivery into the small intestine of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder. Answer : (b)

The mouth is located in the center of the underside of the body. Digestive enzymes are secreted from the mouth to begin external digestion. The pharynx connects the mouth to the gastrovascular cavity. This structure branches throughout the body allowing nutrients from food to reach all extremities. Planaria eat living or dead small animals that they suck up with their muscular mouths. Food passes from the mouth through the pharynx into the intestines where it is digested by the cells lining the intestines. Answer : (a)

Gastrin is a peptide hormon. Its release is stimulated by peptides in the lumen of the stomach. Answer : (a)

amylase, renin and trypsin all are protein Answer : (a)

Kwashiorkor is protein/ essential amino acid deficiency Answer : (a)

Escherichia coli locates in human large intestines Answer : (b)

Saliva has a pH normal range of 6.2-7.6 with 6.7 being the average pH. Answer : (d)

The end product of protein digestion is amino acids. Once consumed, proteins are digested and broken down into amino acids by enzymes. Answer : (d)

Answer : (b)

A normal adult mouth has 32 teeth, which (except for wisdom teeth) have erupted by about age 13: • Incisors (8 total): The middlemost four teeth on the upper and lower jaws. • Canines (4 total): The pointed teeth just outside the incisors. • Premolars (8 total): Teeth between the canines and molars. • Molars (8 total): Flat teeth in the rear of the mouth, best at grinding food. • Wisdom teeth or third molars (4 total): These teeth erupt at around age 18, but are often surgically removed to prevent displacement of other teeth. Answer : (a)

Lactase, also called lactase-phlorizin hydrolase, enzyme found in the small intestine of mammals that catalyzes the breakdown of lactose (milk sugar) into the simple sugars glucose and galactose Answer : (c)

Tusk of elephant are Upper incisors Tusk of warthogs, pigs, and walruses are Upper canines Answer : (b)

Chyle a milky fluid containing emulsified fat and other products of digestion, formed from the chyme in the small intestine Answer : (c)

Answer:(a)

Argentaffin cell are epithelial cells, though common throughout the digestive tract, are most concentrated in the small intestine and appendix. Thus options are not proper Answer : (d)

Saliva contains enzyme ptyalin/amylase Answer : (b)

Fructose and amino acids are absorbed in intestine with the help of carrier ions of Na+ in microvilli or brush cells Answer : (d)

stimulates delivery into the small intestine of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder Answer : (c)

The pancreatic juice contains enzymes that complete the digestion of starch called pancreatic amylase. It also contains pancreatic enzymes that complete the digestion of protein called trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase. Answer : (d)

Standard caloric values for macronutrients are: Carbohydrates: 4.1 kcal/g Protein: 5.6 kcal/g (but in the body is only 4.1 kcal/g due to incomplete oxidation) Fat: 9.3 kcal/g Ethanol: 7 kcal/g Answer : (b)

Rickets is the softening and weakening of bones in children, usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency , Calciferol is vitamin D Answer : (a)

Vitamin D is linked to HDL cholesterol because we need cholesterol in our skins cells to make vitamin D from sunlight. Answer : (b)

Pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. Trypsin. An activated serine amino acid in trypsin cleaves protein chains. Aminopeptidases are enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of amino acids from the amino terminus (N-terminus) of proteins or peptides Carboxypeptidase is a protease enzyme that hydrolyzes (cleaves) a peptide bond at the carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) end of a protein or peptide. Answer : (a)

Humans are unable to digest cellulose because the appropriate enzymes to breakdown the cellulose are lacking. Some ruminants like cows and sheep contain certain symbiotic anaerobic bacteria (like Cellulomonas) in the flora of the rumen, and these bacteria produce enzymes called cellulases that help the microorganism to digest cellulose; the breakdown products are then used by the bacteria for proliferation. Answer : (d)

Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility Answer : (d)

Oxyntic cells (also known as Parietal or delomorphous cells), are the epithelial cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. Chylomicron: A small fat globule composed of protein and lipid (fat). Fructose and amino acids are absorbed in intestine with the help of carrier ions of Na+ Answer : (d)

Pellagra is a disease characterised by diarrhoea, dermatitis and dementia. If left untreated, death is the usual outcome. It occurs as a result of niacin (vitamin B-3) deficiency Answer : (c)

There are two sources of this essential vitamin, including vitamin K1, or phylloquinone which is primarily found in green leafy vegetables and vitamin K2 or menaquinone which is synthesized by certain intestinal bacteria. Answer : (a)

The formation of dentin, known as dentinogenesis, begins prior to the formation of enamel and is initiated by the odontoblasts of the pulp. Answer : (b)

A diastema (plural diastemata) is a space or gap between two teeth. Answer : (d)

Cholecystokinin (CCK), a digestive hormone released with secretin when food from the stomach reaches the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). Answer : (c)

Wall of stomach is protected against action of HCl by Mucus layer Answer : (c)

Emphysema is a lung condition that causes shortness of breath Answer : (a)

The digestive enzyme, pancreatic lipase, is water soluble and can only work at the surface of fat globules. Bile salts and phospholipids are amphipathic(having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts) molecules that are present in the bile produces fat globules Answer : (c)