Bile is green because it contains the green pigment biliverdin, which is formed by a breakdown of hemoglobin Answer : (a)

Angiotensinogen (AGT) is an α-2-globulin produced constitutively and released into the circulation mainly by the liver Answer : (d)

Club-shaped villi and Peyer's patches are found Ileum Answer : (b)

Cholecystokinin (CCK), a digestive hormone released with secretin when food from the stomach reaches the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). It stimulates delivery into the small intestine of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder. Answer : (a,b)

Function of vitamin K is Blood clotting Answer : (a)

Answer : (b)

Pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides (that is, a protease). It is produced in the stomach and is one of the main digestive enzymes Answer : (a)

Polysaccharides in the carbohydrate food is main source of blood sugar Glycogen is mainly stored in the liver and the muscles and provides the body with a readily available source of energy if blood glucose levels decrease. Thus Statement B is wrong Answer : (b)

goblet cells is to secrete mucus in order to protect the mucous membranes where they are found i-b Bacterial cell walls contain a layer of peptidoglycan, which is the specific site that lysozyme targets. ii -a sublingual glands secrete a saliva iii-d Oxyntic cells secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) iv-c Answer : (a)

Answer : (c)

Vitamins A, D, E, and K dissolve in organic solvents whereas the B vitamins and vitamin C dissolve in water. Answer : (a)

Within the extracellular fluid, the major cation is sodium and the major anion is chloride. The major cation in the intracellular fluid is potassium. Answer : (d)

The glands themselves are in the lamina propria of the mucous membrane and they open into the bases of the gastric pits formed by the epithelium. Answer : (c)

Lactase to break down lactose into two smaller particles called glucose and galactose. Answer : (b)

The PNS is responsible for stimulating digestion by increasing blood flow to the digestive tract. Parasympathetic system conserves energy as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract Answer : (d)

Parietal cells (also known as oxyntic or delomorphous cells), are the epithelial cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. Answer : (c)

vitamin B-3 deficiency causes Pellagra vitamin B2 deficiency causes throat swelling/soreness, a swollen tongue, skin cracking (including cracked corners of the mouth), dermatitis, and anemia. Answer : (d)

α cells of pancreas secrete the peptide hormone glucagon, which elevates the glucose levels in the blood Answer : (d)

Epiglottis is meant for protecting Larynx from entry of food Answer : (b)

Wound heal slowly may be due to infection, Answer : (b)

The hard palate is a thin horizontal bony plate of the skull, located in the roof of the mouth. It is formed by the palatine process of the maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bone, and spans the arch formed by the upper teeth and is secondary structure. Answer : (c)

Alpha cells of islets of Langerhans secrete the peptide hormone glucagon, which elevates the glucose levels in the blood. Option a wrong Oxyntic cells secrete HCl option b correct Kupffer cells digests cellular debris, foreign substances, microbes, cancer cells, and anything else that does not have the types of proteins specific to healthy body cells on its surface Option c wrong Sebaceous glands are microscopic exocrine glands in the skin that secrete an oily or waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair of mammals. Option d wrong Answer : (b)

a small fold or ridge of tissue which supports or checks the motion of the part to which it is attached, in particular a fold of skin beneath the tongue, or between the lip and the gum. Answer : (c)

Diarrhoea: The abnormal frequency of bowel movement and increased liquidity of the faecal discharge is known as diarrhoea. It reduces the absorption of food. Answer : (d)

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria. These germs can enter your body and live in your digestive tract. After many years, they can cause sores, called ulcers, in the lining of your stomach or the upper part of your small intestine Answer : (b)

Glycogenolysis involves Conversion of glycogen into sugar Answer : (d)

The term vitamin was introduced Casimir Funk Answer : (b)

Pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides (that is, a protease) Answer : (a)

Answer : (c)

The digestive enzyme, pancreatic lipase, is water soluble and can only work at the surface of fat globules Amylase is found in two main areas – saliva in the mouth and pancreatic juice in the pancreas Enzyme amylase, on the other hand, is a starch - hydrolysing enzyme which has no role in fat digestion. Answer : (c)

Ptyalin (Salivary amylase) is found in saliva and breaks starch into maltose and dextrin a-ii Pepsin the chief digestive enzyme in the stomach, which breaks down proteins into polypeptides. b- iv Steapsin A digestive enzyme of pancreatic juice that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats to fatty acids and glycerol c-i Nuclease an enzyme that cleaves the chains of nucleotides in nucleic acids into smaller units. d- iii Answer : (c)

Excess carbohydrate and protein in the diet are converted into fat. Answer : (d)

Answer:(b)

Bile from the liver secreted into the small intestine also plays an important role in digesting fat. Bile contains bile acids, which are critical for digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. Hepatic secretion contains bile salt which emulsify fat and it to ,makes easy for action of digestive enzyme, pancreatic lipase to work at the surface of fat globules Answer : (b)

starch is partially transformed into maltose by the pancreatic or salivary enzymes called amylases; maltase secreted by the intestine then converts maltose into glucose Answer : (d)

Cannibalism, in zoology, the eating of any animal by another member of the same species. Cannibalism frequently serves as a mechanism to control population or to ensure the genetic contribution of an individual. Answer : (d)

The sphincter of Oddi is a muscular valve that controls the flow of digestive juices bile and pancreatic juice through hepatopancreatic ampulla or the hepatopancreatic duct, is formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct. Answer : (a)

uvula move superiorly to close off the nasopharynx, preventing food from entering the nasal cavity. Internal nares (or choanae) are present only in air-breathing vertebrates and open into the mouth cavity.Posterior to the internal nares the passages open into the nasopharynx. Answer : (a)

Enterokinase, secreted from the duodenal mucosa, that changes the inactive pancreatic secretion trypsinogen into trypsin, one of the enzymes that digest proteins. Answer : (b)

Cortisol is a hormone releases when body under stress. Cortisol can help control blood sugar levels, regulate metabolism, help reduce inflammation, and assist with memory formulation. It has a controlling effect on salt and water balance and helps control blood pressure Answer : (d)

salivary amylase begins the digestive process by breaking down starch a-3 Bile salts The function of bile salts in the duodenum is to solubilize ingested fat and fat-soluble vitamins, facilitating their digestion and absorption b-5 Rennin -Its role in digestion is to curdle or coagulate milk in the stomach c-2 Pepsin- the chief digestive enzyme in the stomach, which breaks down proteins into polypeptides d-1 Steapsin A digestive enzyme of pancreatic juice that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats to fatty acids and glycerol e- 4 Answer : (d)

riboflavin , also known as Vitamin B2 , is one of the eight B-complex vitamins. Like other B vitamins, it plays a role in energy production in the body Answer : (b)

Beri-Beri caused by deficiency of B1 Answer : (d)

A lacteal is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine. Answer : (a)

Parietal cells (also called oxyntic cells) are the stomach epithelium cells which secrete gastric acid. Stomach acid does not digest protein. Rather, it activates an enzyme called pepsinogen which then becomes pepsin that is secreted by the stomach wall. This enzyme is only active within the pH range of 3.0 to 5.0 and requires the acid to maintain that pH. if reqired amount of HCl is not prodced then proteins will not be adequately hydrolysed by pepsin to protesoses and peptones Answer : (b)

The taeniae coli (also teniae coli) are three separate longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle on the outside of the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons. Answer : (b)

The enzyme carboxypeptidase A is secreted by the pancreas and is used to speed up this hydrolysis reaction Answer : (a)

Coprophagy, eating of dung, or feces, certain members of the order Lagomorpha (rabbits and hares) and in at least one leaf-eating primate (genus Lepilemur). Answer : (c)

Calcium (Ca) is the most abundant mineral in the body and is essential for a number of vital functions. The skeleton contains about 99% of the body’s calcium with approximately 1kg present in adult bones. The major constituents of bone are calcium and phosphate, forming hydroxyapatite, Calcium also plays a vital role in many systems including intracellular signalling to enable the integration and regulation of metabolic processes, the transmission of information via the nervous system, the control of muscle contraction (including the heart) and blood clotting. Answer : (b)

Chemically fats are esters hydrolysis of fat by liypase will yield mono- and di- glycerides and free fatty acids Answer : (a)