Answer:(a)

Answer:(b)

Anxiety and eating spicy food together in an otherwise normal human, may lead to difficulty in digestion Answer : (a)

When a host is exposed to antigens, which may be in the form of living or dead microbes or other proteins, antibodies are produced in the host body. This type of immunity is called active immunity. Active immunity is slow and takes time to give its full effective response. Answer : (a)

Colostrum is a breast fluid produced by humans, cows, and other mammals before breast milk is released. It's very nutritious and contains high levels of antibodies, which are proteins that fight infections and bacteria. While colostrum is rich in macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals, its claimed health benefits are mostly linked to specific protein compounds, which includes antibodies , also known as immunoglobulins, used by your immune system to fight bacteria and viruses. Bovine colostrum is rich in the antibodies IgA, IgG, and IgM It will impart naturally acquired passive immunity to the newborn Answer : (d)

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Interferons are members of a larger class of proteins called cytokines (proteins that carry signals between cells). Most interferons are classified as alpha, beta, or gamma interferons, depending on their molecular structure. Two other classes of interferons—omega and tau—have also been discovered. So far, more than 20 different kinds of interferon-alpha have been discovered but only beta and one gamma interferon have been identified. Answer : (d)

Trichomoniasis (or “trich”) is a very common sexually transmitted disease (STD). It is caused by infection with a protozoan parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis. Answer : (b)

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), also known as acid, is a hallucinogenic drug. Answer : (d)

STIs caused by bacteria include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilisThe cause of syphilis is a bacterium called Treponema pallidum. The most common route of transmission is through contact with an infected person's sore during sexual activity. Answer : (c)

The National Institute of Virology is one of the major Institutes of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). It was established at Pune, Maharashtra, India in 1952 as Virus Research Centre (VRC) under the auspices of the ICMR and the Rockefeller Foundation (RF), USA. The National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD) had its origin as Central Malaria Bureau, established at Kasauli (Himachal Pradesh) in 1909 and following expansion was renamed in 1927 as the Malaria Survey of India. The organization was shifted to Delhi in 1938 and called as the Malaria Institute of India (MII). The Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) is a multidisciplinary research laboratory in Lucknow, India, The National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) is a Public health, Biotechnology and Translational research center located at Osmania University in Hyderabad, India. Answer : (a)

B cells are produced in the bone marrow. The T cells are also produced in the bone marrow but leave the bone marrow and mature in the thymus. Answer : (d)

Plague is an infectious disease caused by bacteria called Yersinia pestis. Answer : (c)

Answer:(d)

Interferons are a group of proteins called cytokines produced by white blood cells, fibroblasts, or T-cells as part of an immune response to a viral infection or other immune trigger. In a typical scenario, a virus-infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to heighten their anti-viral defenses. Answer : (c)

As part of an immune response to foreign pathogens, histamine is produced by basophils and by mast cells found in nearby connective tissues. Histamine increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and some proteins, to allow them to engage pathogens in the infected tissues. Answer : (c)

Anxiety disorder is a mental health disorder characterised by feelings of worry, anxiety or fear that are strong enough to interfere with one's daily activities. Answer : (d)

When the immune system is activated due to the viral infection or other immune response the white blood cells in our body produces Interferons (are a group of proteins called cytokines). The name of the interferons comes from their ability to interfere with the production of new virus particles Measles is caused by infection with the rubeola virus. Tetanus is caused by an infection with the bacterium Clostridium tetani Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite. Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi bacteria. Answer : (c)

Artificially acquired passive immunity is a short-term immunization induced by the transfer of antibodies, Colostrum present in mothers milk is an example of passive immunity. There are three types of immunity in humans called innate, adaptive, and passive Innate immunity: Innate immunity refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body. Adaptive (acquired) immunity : This protect from pathogens develops as we go through life.Adaptive immunity is defined by the presence of lymphocytes, either T or B cells, This type of immunity is "borrowed" from another source, but it does not last indefinitely. For instance, a baby receives antibodies from the mother through the placenta before birth and in breast milk following birth. This passive immunity protects the baby from some infections during the early years of their life. Answer : (d)

1 .DNA purification 2. Restriction digestion 3. Gel electrophoresis: 4.Denaturation: 5. Blotting 6.Baking and Blocking with casein in BSA 7. Hybridization using labeled probes 8. Wash 9.Visualization by autoradiogram Answer : (d)

Haemophilus influenzae is a bacteria responsible for severe pneumonia, meningitis and other invasive diseases almost exclusively in "children aged less than 5 years". Streptococcus pneumonia is traditionally been the most common (more than 75%) responsible for pneumonia in adults As question is about Adult answer is "Streptococcus pneumonia" which is not given in option Answer : (d)

The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of Lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV is a retrovirus, which means it carries single-stranded RNA is its genetic material Answer : (c)

The native (undomesticated) origin of Coffee bean is thought to have been Ethiopia. Answer : (c)

Brown sugar is an adulterated form of heroin, also called smack, junk, skag, dope, and chaw Answer : (b)

Rejection is unusual after corneal transplantation because the cornea usually does not have blood vessels. Without blood vessels the body's immune system is less likely to recognise and reject the “foreign” graft Answer : (a)

Opiates are powerful drugs derived from the poppy plant that have been used for centuries to relieve pain. Also known as narcotics, opiates can be natural or synthetic. The natural opiates include opium, morphine, and codeine. Other substances, called opioids, are man-made.a – t Methamphetamine (Methedrine), amphetamine sulfate (Benzedrine) s a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit. b – r Ganja/marijuana can be classified as a depressant, stimulant, or hallucinogen. c – p Barbiturates, including amobarbital (Amytal), pentobarbital (Nembutal), phenobarbital (Luminal), and secobarbital (Seconal), are central nervous system depressants. d – q Answer : (d)

Approach to eradicate malaria is known as larviciding. This involves the use of insecticides that kill mosquitoes in their larval stage – before they develop into adult mosquitoes. Answer : (c)

Elephantiasis occurs in the presence of microscopic, thread-like parasitic worms such as Wuchereria bancrofti (the most common), Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori (also known as B. timori), all of which are transmitted by bites from infected mosquitoes. Answer : (c)

Hodgkin's lymphoma is a type of lymphoma (cancer of the lymphatic system). Answer : (b)

AIDS is Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Answer : (a)

Edward Anthony Jenner, is known as the Father of Immunology. Answer : (d)

Obstacle to large scale transplantation of organs is Immunological rejection of foreign bodies Answer : (b)

The primary immune response of the body to antigen occurs on the first occasion it is encountered. Answer : (a)

Answer:(b)

Metastasis is the process whereby cancer cells break free from a malignant tumor and travel to and invade other tissues in the body Answer : (b)

Passive immunity can occur naturally, when maternal antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta, and it can also be induced artificially, when high levels of antibodies specific to a pathogen or toxin (obtained from humans, horses, or other animals) are transferred to non-immune persons through blood Answer : (d)

Emil von Behring was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901 for his discovery of serum therapy for diphtheria. the short-term immunity which results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal. Serum therapy, also known as serotherapy, describes the treatment of infectious disease using the serum of animals that have been immunized against the specific organisms or their product, to which the disease is supposedly referable. Passive immunity can occur naturally, such as when an infant receives a mother's antibodies through the placenta or breast milk, or artificially, such as when a person receives antibodies in the form of an injection (gamma globulin injection). Answer : (b)

The terms vaccine and vaccination are derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow), the term devised by Edward Jenner to denote cowpox. Answer : (a)

T-lymphocyte, a lymphocyte of a type produced or processed by the thymus gland and actively participating in the immune response. Types of T cell a) Conventional Adaptive T cells 1 Helper CD4+ T cells. 2 Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells 3 Memory T cells 4 Regulatory CD4+ T cells b) Innate-like T cells 1 Natural killer T cell 2 Mucosal associated invariant 3 Gamma delta T cells Answer : (d)

urethritis can be either gonococcal urethritis, caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), caused by Chlamydia trachomatis or Mycoplasma genitalium (M. genitalium). option "a" is not correct match Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. option "b" is correct Gonorrhea is an infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.option "c" is not correct match Soft sore (Chancroid) is a bacterial sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by infection with Haemophilus ducreyi. Answer : (b)

Cardiostimulatory drugs (also called "cardiotonic drugs") enhance cardiac function by increasing heart rate (chronotropy) and myocardial contractility (inotropy), which increases cardiac output and arterial pressure Drugs that can effect the cardiovascular system: cocaine. DMT. GHB. heroin. inhalants. ketamine. khat. LSD. Benzodiazepines are psychoactive drugs have qualities that can help to reduce anxiety and seizures, relax the muscles, and induce sleep. Barbiturates are sedative-hypnotics, a type of central nervous system (CNS) depressant used to treat insomnia, seizures, and headaches. Insulin is a hormone that is responsible for allowing glucose in the blood to enter cells Answer : (a)

Arbovirus is an informal name for any virus that is transmitted by arthropod vectors. Dengue is one of the arbovirus. Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Bubonic plague is a type of infection caused by the Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis) bacterium which is spread mostly by fleas on rodents and other animals. Humans who are bitten by the fleas then can come down with plague. Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or Sleeping Sickness is a parasitic disease caused by protozoan parasite Trypanosoma gambiense. Trichuris trichiura, Trichocephalus trichiuris or whipworm, is a parasitic roundworm that causes trichuriasis when it infects a human large intestine. Answer : (d)

Hepatitis B also called serum hepatitis is a serious infection. It can lead to cirrhosis (permanent scarring) of the liver, liver failure, or liver cancer, which can cause severe illness and even death. Answer : (c)