HIV enters into helper T-lymphocytes (TH), replicates and produce progeny viruses. The progeny viruses released in the blood attack other helper T-lymphocytes Answer:(d)

Answer:(c)

Valium generic name is Diazepam is used to treat anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and seizures. It is also used to relieve muscle spasms and to provide sedation before medical procedures. This medication works by calming the brain and nerves. Amphetamines are stimulant drugs, which means they speed up the messages travelling between the brain and the body. Morphine is the standard opium-based analgesic ( pain reliever). Marijuana/hashish causes distorted perception (sights, sounds, time, touch); difficulty in thinking and problem solving; loss of coordination; and increased heart rate, anxiety, and panic attacks. Answer : (a)

Rabies is a zoonotic disease (a disease that is transmitted from animals to humans), caused by the rabies virus Answer : (d)

Following the first exposure to a foreign antigen, a lag phase occurs in which no antibody is produced, but activated B cells are differentiating into plasma cells. The first antibody produced is manily IgM Answer : (c)

Physiological barrier barriers include intact skin, vigorous mucociliary clearance mechanisms, low stomach pH and bacteriolytic lysozyme in tears, saliva and other secretions. Answer : (d)

Tranquilizer, drug that is used to reduce anxiety, fear, tension, agitation, and related states of mental disturbance (or giving stimulating effect) Answer : (c)

Vaccines provide active immunity to disease. A newborn baby acquires passive immunity from its mother through the placenta. Natural immunity occurs through contact with a disease causing agent Answer : (a)

Due to their strong antioxidant properties, tocopherols have been suggested to reduce the risk of cancer . Lower vitamin E nutritional status is associated with an increased risk of certain cancers Answer : (d)

Hybridoma technology is a method for producing large numbers of identical antibodies. The hybrid cell has the capacity of antibody production derived from B cells At the same time it can divide continuously by the quality derived from Myeloma cells By combining the desired qualities of both the cells, the technology ensures large scale Antibody production of single specificity Answer : (c)

Common causes of chronic insomnia is Stress or trauma. Rheumatoid arthritis, Inflammatory bowel disease, Multiple sclerosis, Type 1 diabetes mellitus, Guillain, Psoriasis, Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Myasthenia gravis, Vasculitis Answer : (d)

Plasmodium falciparum is the type of malaria that most often causes severe and life-threatening malaria Answer : (d)

Antibodies contribute to immunity in three ways: preventing pathogens from entering or damaging cells by binding to them (neutralization); stimulating removal of pathogens by macrophages and other cells by coating the pathogen (opsonization); and triggering destruction of pathogens by stimulating other immune responses Answer : (c)

Cells exhibiting the foreign antigen are tagged with antibodies ( IgG or IgM) and they are then recognised by natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages which in turn kill these tagged cells or Lysis of foreign cells. Answer : (c)

Typhoid fever is an acute illness associated with fever caused by the Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi bacteria. Answer : (c)

Diphtheria signs and symptoms usually begin two to five days after a person becomes infected and may include: A thick, gray membrane covering throat and tonsils. Answer : (b)

When the whole liver is scarred, it shrinks and gets hard, this is called cirrhosis Answer : (a)

An immune response to an antigen may result not only in protective immunity but also a detectable reaction to challenge with that antigen, called sensitivity, and therefore hypersensitivity is a reflection of excessive or aberrant immune responses. Answer : (d)

Cytokines are cell signalling molecules that aid cell to cell communication in immune responses and stimulate the movement of cells towards sites of inflammation, infection and trauma Cytokinins (CK) are a class of plant growth substances (phytohormones) that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.Option 'd' is NOT correct Answer : (c)

Tranquilizers the term is generally used as a synonym for sedative. Sedatives are central nervous system depressants Answer : (b)

Alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) happens when a build-up of excess fat in the liver is accompanied by liver inflammation. This is also known as alcoholic hepatitis. Answer : (a)

A water borne disease is Cholera Answer : (d)

Cocaine is a highly addictive and illegal stimulant that is made from the leaves of the coca plant. Option 'a' is NOT correct match Bhang is commonly used to reduce anxiety and increase libido.Option 'a' is NOT correct match Reserpine is used as a long-acting tranquilizer. Option 'c' is correct match Morphine belongs to a class of drugs known as opioid analgesics. Option 'd' is NOT correct match Answer : (c)

HIV can spread: during sex (especially anal sex and vaginal sex) through sharing needles for injecting drugs or tattooing. by getting stuck with a needle with an infected person's blood on it, AIDS spreads due to Homosexuality, immoral way of life. Answer : (d)

T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity, whereas B cells are primarily responsible for humoral immunity (relating to antibodies). T cells play a major role in defence against intracellular pathogens. other immune cells, releasing cytokines, and helping B cells to produce antibodies.Option a correct match Adaptive immunity is an immunity that occurs after exposure to an antigen either from a pathogen or a vaccination.. Option 'b' is NOT correct match hepatitis-B vaccine is produced by yeast cells, into which the gene for HBsAg has been inserted. Afterward an immune system antibody to HBsAg is established in the bloodstream. The antibody is known as anti-HBs. Option 'c' is NOT correct match Injection of snake antivenom against snake bite is an example of Passive Immunity Option 'd' is NOT correct match Answer : (a)

Streptokinase is a thrombolytic medication and enzyme. As a medication it is used to break down clots in some cases of myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, and arterial thromboembolism. 131I, 60Co, Taxol is used for treating cancer Answer : (d)

Papaver somniferum, commonly known as the opium poppy Opium contains a class of naturally occurring alkaloids known as opiates, that include morphine, codeine, thebaine, oripavine, papaverine and noscapine. Answer : (b)

nalorphine was used as an antidote for severe respiratory depression and other body function disorders caused by acute poisoning in case of an overdose of morphine, promedol, fentanyl or other narcotic analgesics, or with increased sensitivity to them. Answer : (d)

Two causes accounted for 50% of all deaths at ages 1-59 months: pneumonia and diarrhoeal diseases. Answer : (c)

An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer. Answer : (b)

Cannabis flowers are not brightly colored, large, or enticingly fragrant. So statemnt x is not correct. Pollen grains are small, light, dry, dusty and sometimes winged (or saccate)so that they are easily blown away to long distances. Y is correct and Z is correct reason for Y Answer : (b)

LSD is one of the most potent, mood-changing chemicals. It is manufactured from lysergic acid, which is found in the ergot fungus that grows on rye and other grains. Answer : (a)

Humans can get leptospirosis through direct contact with urine from infected animals or through water, soil or food contaminated with their urine. Bilharzia infection starts when a person comes into direct contact with fresh water where certain types of water snail carry the worm. So option 'a' is correct. Amoebiasis infection is most common in tropical areas with untreated water. It spreads through drinking or eating uncooked food, such as fruit, that may have been washed in contaminated local water. So option b is not correct diarrhea happens because of a virus that gets into your gut. So option c is not correct Guinea worm infecton is by drinking water from ponds and other stagnant water containing tiny "water fleas" that carry the Guinea worm larvae. So option 'd' s not correct Water-borne diseases linked to flooding such as Malaria, Cholera, Shigellosis, Hepatitis A, Dengue fever, Leptospirosis, Typhoid Fever Answer : (a)

Entamoeba histolytica is transmitted primarily through the fecal-oral route. Infective cysts can be found in fecally contaminated food and water supplies and contaminated hands of food handlers. Sexual transmission is possible, especially in the setting of oral-anal practices (anilingus). Answer : (d)

In an allergic reaction—the immune system's hypersensitivity reaction to usually harmless foreign substances (called antigens in this context) that enter the body—mast cells release histamine in inordinate amounts. Answer : (a)

Interferon is secreted by cells in response to stimulation by a virus or other foreign substance, but it does not directly inhibit the virus's multiplication. Rather, it stimulates the infected cells and those nearby to produce proteins that prevent the virus from replicating within them. Answer : (a)

Microfilariae are ingested by mosquitos and exsheath following the blood meal, penetrate the mosquito gut wall and migrate to the mosquito's thoracic muscle where they grow and undergo two molts to infective third-stage larvae (L3) in 10–14 days. Answer : (b)

Opium and the drugs obtained from it are called opiates. Heroin is an opioid drug made from morphine, a natural substance taken from the seed pod of the various opium poppy plants Answer : (a)

HIV enters into helper T-lymphocytes (TH), replicates and produce progeny viruses. The progeny viruses released in the blood attack other helper T-lymphocytes. This is repeated leading to a progressive decrease in the number of helper Tlymphocytes in the body of the infected person. During this period, the person suffers from bouts of fever, diarrhoea and weight loss. Answer:(a)

The plant shown in the picture is Datura which produce natural hallucinogens. This kind of drug induce behavioural abnormalities by changing thoughts, feelings perceptions without any actual sensory stimulus. Answer:(c)

Answer:(d)

Ascaris, an intestinal parasite causes ascariasis. Symptoms of these disease include internal bleeding, muscular pain, fever, anaemia and blockage of the intestinal passage. The eggs of the parasite are excreted along with the faeces of infected persons which contaminate soil, water, plants, etc. A healthy person acquires this infection through contaminated water vegetables, fruits, etc. Answer:(a)

cell-mediated immune response or cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is mediated by the T-lymphocytes Answer:(a)

The first clinical gene therapy was given in 1990 to a 4-year old girl with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency. Answer:(c)

Answer:(d)

Tetanus is an infection caused by a bacterium called Clostridium tetani. The mumps are caused by a virus called the paramyxovirus. Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by the herpes simplex virus Influenza is a virus A bacterium called Vibrio cholerae causes cholera infection. Typhoid fever is caused by a type of bacteria called Salmonella typhi. Smallpox is caused by infection with the variola virus. Answer:(c)

Non-acceptance or rejection of graft or transplanted tissues/organs is due to cell mediated immune response. Answer:(b)

Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of macrophages and NK-cells, the production of antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen . The cell-mediated immune system plays a role in the rejection of organ transplants or graft tissue graft rejection involves antigen presenting cells in the graft that present antigens to the host’s helper and cytotoxic T lymphocyte cells. In the indirect pathway, the host’s antigen presenting cell recognize the graft as non-self and present graft-derived antigens to helper T cells. The innate immune response consists of physical, chemical and cellular defenses against pathogens. The main purpose of the innate immune response is to immediately prevent the spread and movement of foreign pathogens throughout the body. Humoral immunity or humoural immunity is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by macromolecules found in extracellular fluids such as secreted antibodies, complement proteins, and certain antimicrobial peptides. Passive immunity can occur naturally, when maternal antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta . Answer:(c)

Antibodies, which are also called immunoglobulins, take five basic forms, denoted as IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE. All have been found in human milk, but by far the most abundant type is IgA, specifically the form known as secretory IgA, which is found in great amounts throughout the gut and respiratory system of adults Answer:(d)

Lymphatic filariasis, commonly known as elephantiasis. Lymphatic filariasis is caused by three different species of worms known as Brugia malayi, Brugia timori and Wuchereria bancrofti. These worms cause damage and inflammation to the lymphatic system. The larval form of the worms is introduced into the human body through the bite of infected mosquitoes. Answer : (a)