Brown sugar (an adulterated form of heroin), also called smack, junk, skag, dope drug made from the poppy plant . Opium (raw opium) is the latex harvested by making incisions on the green capsules (seed pods). Poppy straw is the dried mature plant except the seeds, harvested by mowing Answer : (b)

Alzheimer's, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and gradually worsens over time. An autoimmune disease is a condition in which your immune system mistakenly attacks your body. Here are 14 of the most common ones. 1. Type 1 diabetes 2. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 3. Psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis 4. Multiple sclerosis 5. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 6. Inflammatory bowel disease 7. Addison’s disease 8. Graves’ disease 9. Sjögren’s syndrome 10. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis 11. Myasthenia gravis 12. Autoimmune vasculitis 13. Pernicious anemia 14. Celiac disease Answer : (c)

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing is used to match patients and donors for bone marrow or cord blood transplants. When two people share the same HumanLeukocyte Antigens (abbreviated as HLA), they are said to be a "match", that is, their tissues are immunologically compatible with each other. Twin of the same gender, same ABO blood type, and same HLA has an 84% chance of being an identical twin Sigling inherited HLA markers half from mother and half from father, so each brother and sister who shares the same parents. Siblings with the same genetic parents have a 25% chance to be HLA identical Parent and Unrelated donor. have very less chances Answer : (c)

Allergies are a noninfectious disease, which means it cannot be transmitted from one person to another. In allergy, immune system overreacts to an allergen by producing antibodies called Immunoglobulin E (IgE). These antibodies travel to cells that release chemicals, causing an allergic reaction. This reaction usually causes symptoms in the nose, lungs, throat, or on the skin. Answer : (a)

When a female Anopheles mosquito bites an infected person, these parasites enter the mosquito’s body and undergo further development. The parasites multiply within them to form sporozoites that are stored in their salivary glands. Answer:(d)

Marijuana, Ganja, and LSD are drugs which alter our perception of reality by changing the way of communication in the nerve cells in our brain and these drugs are called as Hallucinogens. Assertion ans reason are true and reason is correct explanation of assertion. Answer:(a)

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurologic disorder that causes the brain to shrink (atrophy) and brain cells to die. Rheumatoid arthritis, or RA, is an autoimmune and inflammatory disease, which means that your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake, causing inflammation (painful swelling) in the affected parts of the body. Experts believe psoriasis is an autoimmune disease. Vitiligo is generally considered to be an autoimmune disorder. Answer:(a)

World No Tobacco Day is observed around the world every year on 31 May. This yearly celebration informs the public on the dangers of using tobacco, the business practices of tobacco companies. Answer:(a)

Alcohol has some initial stimulant effects, but it’s primarily a depressant — meaning it slows your body down. Assertion is false. Alcohol is classified as a Central Nervous System Depressant, meaning that it slows down brain functioning and neural activity. Reason is false. Answer:(d)

Rheumatoid arthritis, or RA, is an autoimmune and inflammatory disease, which means that your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake, causing inflammation (painful swelling) in the affected parts of the body. RA mainly attacks the joints, usually many joints at once. Pernicious anaemia is an autoimmune condition that affects your stomach. Graves' disease is an immune system disorder that results in the overproduction of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism). Insomnia is a sleep disorder in which you have trouble falling and/or staying asleep. The condition can be short-term (acute) or can last a long time (chronic). Answer:(d)

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) is a type of brain disorder caused by a lack of vitamin B-1, or thiamine. The syndrome is actually two separate conditions that can occur at the same time, Wernicke’s disease (WD) and Korsakoff syndrome. Usually, people get the symptoms of WD first. Alcoholism is the no. 1 cause of WKS because people with the condition generally have a poor diet. Alcohol also prevents vitamin B-1 absorption and storage. Answer:(d)

Smoking produces aromatic hydrocarbons which are carcinogenic and harmful in nature. Smoking causes cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung diseases, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Answer:(b)

Inflammation (from Latin: inflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators. The function of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out necrotic cells and tissues damaged from the original insult and the inflammatory process, and initiate tissue repair. The five cardinal signs are heat, pain, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Answer:(c)

Cannabis, also known as marijuana among other names, is a psychoactive drug from the Cannabis plant. effects can include altered body image, auditory and/or visual illusions, pseudohallucinations and ataxia from selective impairment of polysynaptic reflexes. Answer:(b)

Inflammation (from Latin: inflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators. The five cardinal signs are heat, pain, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Redness and heat are due to increased blood flow at body core temperature to the inflamed site; swelling is caused by accumulation of fluid; pain is due to the release of chemicals such as bradykinin and histamine that stimulate nerve endings. Answer:(d)

Lymphatic filariasis, commonly known as elephantiasis, is a painful and profoundly disfiguring disease. It is caused by infection with parasites classified as nematodes (roundworms) of the family Filariodidea that are transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitos. Nematodes are also known as Aschelminthes. Answer:(a)

Allergic rhinitis, also called hay fever, is an allergic reaction that causes sneezing, congestion, itchy nose and sore throat. Answer:(c)

The National Institute of Virology in Pune, India is an Indian virology research institute and part of the Indian Council of Medical Research. It was previously known as 'Virus Research Centre' and was founded in collaboration with the Rockefeller Foundation. Answer:(a)

In cholera, the patient suffers from a lot of dehydration because of loose motion and vomiting as the body fails to retain water. Saline solution usually containing sodium is given to the cholera patient in order to retain the water in the body to maintain equilibrium by replacing the lost water and electrolytes. This prevents water loss as sodium promotes reabsorption of water. Answer:(a)

Hansen's disease (also known as leprosy) is an infection caused by slow-growing bacteria called Mycobacterium leprae. Measles is caused by an extremely contagious virus called morbillivirus. Yellow fever is caused by a virus that is spread by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Tetanus, commonly called lockjaw, is a bacterial disease that affects the nervous system. Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease. It is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. The flu is an infection of the respiratory tract (nose, throat, and lungs). It's caused by a virus that spreads easily from person to person. Answer:(c)

Hashimoto’s disease is an autoimmune disorder that can cause hypothyroidism, or underactive thyroid. Rarely, the disease can cause hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid. Answer:(c)

National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) is nodal organization which endeavour to provide people with accurate, complete and consistent information about HIV, promote use of condoms for protection, and emphasise treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. NACO works to motivate men and women for a responsible sexual behaviour. Answer:(d)

Smoking causes cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung diseases, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis.Smokers are more likely to develop peptic ulcers. Tobacco contains a large number of chemical substances including nicotine, an alkaloid. Nicotine stimulates adrenal gland to release adrenaline and nor-adrenaline into bloo'd circulation, both of which raise blood pressure and increase heart rate. Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs as carbon monoxide mixes and binds with hemoglobin in the blood to form carboxyhemoglobin (COHb). Answer:(d)

Slow respiration, slow pulse and constriction of pupil occurs due to addiction of opiates. Morphine and heroin are derivatives of opiates. Answer:(b)

Computed tomography (CT) is an imaging procedure that uses special x-ray equipment to create detailed pictures, or scans, of areas inside the body. It is sometimes called computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography (CAT). Answer:(b)

Plasmodium has apicoplast. Apicoplasts are a relict, nonphotosynthetic plastid found in most protozoan parasites belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa. Among the most infamous Apicomplexan parasites is Plasmodium falciparum. Evidence suggests that the apicoplast is a product of secondary endosymbiosis. Answer:(b)

Steroids themselves can induce hypersensitivity reactions. Steroid hypersensitivity should be considered in patients who develop systemic allergic reactions after the use of systemic steroids. The diagnosis can be confirmed by skin testing, in vitro evidence of specific IgE, oral or an allergic patch test. Adrenaline do not actually induce allergy. Epinephrine is used during allergic reaction. However, people have reported epinephrine allergy. This may be due to allergy to another ingredient such as preservative present in epinephrine injection. So steroids do induce symptoms of allergy but adrenaline don't. Answer:(b)

HIV binds to the CD4 molecule on the surface of helper T-cells and replicates within them. HIV can be transmitted via the exchange of a variety of body fluids from infected people, such as blood, breast milk, semen and vaginal secretions. Answer:(a)

Hallucinogens are a type of drug that changes a person's perception of reality. Also known as 'psychedelic drugs', hallucinogens make a person see, feel and hear things that aren't real, or distort their interpretation of what's going on around them. Answer:(c)

Plasmodium vivax is a protozoal parasite and a human pathogen. The most frequent and widely distributed cause of recurring (Benign) malaria. Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic parasitic amoebozoan, part of the genus Entamoeba. Predominantly infecting humans and other primates causing amoebiasis. Mary Mallon (September 23, 1869 – November 11, 1938), commonly known as Typhoid Mary, was an Irish-born American cook believed to have infected between 51 to 122 people with typhoid fever. A group of viruses which infect only nose and the respiratory passage and not the lungs is Rhino virus. It infect the upper respiratory tract which affects primarily the nose. Answer:(d)

Since the first AIDS cases were reported in the United States in June 1981, the number of cases and deaths among persons with AIDS increased rapidly during the 1980s followed by substantial declines in new cases and deaths in the late 1990s. Answer:(c)

Asthma may be attributed to allergic reaction of the mast cells in the lungs. Mast cells secrete the autacoid mediators histamine, prostaglandin (PG) D2, and leukotriene (LT) C4, which are capable of inducing bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion, and mucosal edema, all features of asthma. Answer:(a)

Steroid misuse can cause acne, hair loss on the head, cysts, and oily hair and skin. Users who inject steroids may also develop pain and abscess formation at injection sites. Anabolic steroids can also produce jaundice, or yellowing of the skin or eyes, as a result of damage to the liver, which is rare. Answer:(c)

AIDS,Hepatitis B are contagious. While Liver cirrhosis is not Answer:(c)

Hard drugs are drugs that lead to physical and psychological addiction and potentially death. Hard drugs include opioids like heroin, hydrocodone, oxycodone (Oxycontin) and morphine. Answer:(c)

Illicit and synthetic cannabinoids are usually smoked, vaporised or eaten. Answer:(a)

Many opioids are taken in pill form. Some are administered through a vein, by injection or through an IV, and others can be delivered through a patch placed on the skin or with a suppository. Answer:(d)

Biological response modifiers (BRMs) are substances that modify immune responses. They can be both endogenous (produced naturally within the body) and exogenous (as pharmaceutical drugs), and they can either enhance an immune response or suppress it. Most BRMs are biopharmaceuticals (biologics), including monoclonal antibodies, interleukin 2, interferons, and various types of colony-stimulating factors. Answer:(d)

Proto-oncogenes are genes that normally help cells grow. When a proto-oncogene mutates (changes) or there are too many copies of it, it becomes a "bad" gene that can become permanently turned on or activated when it is not supposed to be. When this happens, the cell grows out of control, which can lead to cancer. Viral oncogenes participate in carcinogenesis by the RNA of the viral genome being transcribed into the DNA genome of the host by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. Answer:(b)

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AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome: Acquired means you can get infected with it; it is not present from birth or heredity. Immune Deficiency means a weakness in the body's system that fights diseases. Syndrome means a group of health problems that make up a disease. Answer:(d)

Passive immunization. If a person is infected with some deadly microbes to which quick immune response is required, we need to directly inject the preformed antibodies. This type of immunization is known as Passive immunization. Answer:(b)

Interferons are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses. In a typical scenario, a virus-infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to heighten their anti-viral defenses. They are secreted from infected cells and activate innate immune response that promotes not only cytokine production but also natural killer cell functions and antigen presentation. Answer:(d)

Roundworm eggs live in soil that is contaminated by feces. The eggs can get into the body through the mouth. They spread by means of contaminated water and contaminated vegetable. Answer:(b)

P. falciparum infection can cause recurrent fever every 36–48 hours, or a less pronounced and almost continuous fever. Answer:(b)

Interferons are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses. Their production is triggered by the immune system in response to pathogens or cytokines. Answer:(d)

Cannabinoids are a group of compounds found in the plant cannabis, also known as marijuana. Ganja is one of the oldest and most commonly used synonyms for marijuana in the English language. Charas is a cannabis concentrate made from the resin of a live cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica) and is handmade in the Indian subcontinent and Jamaica. Morphine belongs to a class of drugs known as opioid analgesics. Answer:(d)

Innate, or nonspecific, immunity is the defense system with which you were born. It protects you against all antigens. Answer:(b)