Smoking can cause lung disease by damaging your airways and the small air sacs (alveoli) found in your lungs. This results in increase proportion of CO2 in haemoglobin. Increase in carbon dioxide concentration reduces conentration of oxygen in haemoglobin. Answer:(d)

Cannabis, also known as marijuana among other names, is a psychoactive drug from the Cannabis plant. Endocannabinoids may increase urine production by both peripheral and central actions. Answer:(c)

Drug	It's effect
Marijuana	(i) It’s stimulatory
(Q) LSD	(ii) Hallucinogenation
(R) Barbiturate	(iii) Fever with shivering
(S) Amphitamine	(iv) Give pleasure
(T) Cocain	(v) It dilates pupil

Answer:(b)

Rhinovirus (rhin means "nose") infections cause the common cold. Rhinoviruses may also cause some sore throats, ear infections, and infections of the sinuses (openings in the bone near the nose and eyes). X is right and Y is wrong. Answer:(c)

Amphetamines are stimulant drugs. They make the messages between your brain and body move faster. As a result, you are more alert and physically active. X is right. Barbiturates are synthetic substances manufactured as pharmaceutical products. They act as depressants of the central nervous system. Y is wrong. Hashish, also known as hash, is a drug made by compressing and processing parts of the cannabis plant, typically focusing on flowering buds (female flowers) containing the most trichomes. Z is right. Answer:(c)

Any substance that causes the body to make an immune response against that substance. An antigen that induces an immune response—i.e., stimulates the lymphocytes to produce antibody or to attack the antigen directly—is called an immunogen. Answer:(b)

Carcinoma is a cancer arising in the epithelial tissue of the skin or of the lining of the internal organs. Answer:(b)

Salmonella is the type of bacteria that's the most frequently reported cause of food-related illness. Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) are bacteria that infect the intestinal tract and the blood. The disease is referred to as typhoid fever. S. Paratyphi bacteria cause a similar, but milder illness, which comes under the same title. Answer:(a)

ELISA Test, which stands for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, is used to detect HIV infection. If an ELISA test is positive, the Western blot test is usually administered to confirm the diagnosis. Answer:(a)

Sometimes, some merozoites produced after erythrocytic cycle invade the liver cell and undergo another schizogonic development in the liver cell. This is called post-erythrocytic cycle. Ross cycle is the life cycle of Plasmodium. Answer:(d)

IgA: Called secretory immunoglobulin. Functions as first line of defense against inhaled and ingested pathogens by activating alternate pathway of complement system. IgE : Present in mucous membranes, skin and lungs. Attaches to mast cells and basophils for releasing histamine and other substances that mediate hypersensitive response to allergens. IgG : Constitue 75% of total Ig, present in all body parts including milk and can pass through placenta providing passive immunity to neonates, stimulates complement system and phagocytes against toxins, fungi, viruses and bacteria. Answer:(d)

Answer:(c)

A barbiturate is a drug that acts as a central nervous system depressant. Intermediate-acting barbiturates reduce time to fall asleep, increase total sleep time, and reduce REM sleep time. Answer:(d)

Heroin, commonly called smack is chemically diacetylmorphine which is a white, odourless, bitter crystalline compound. This is obtained by acetylation of morphine, which is extracted from the latex of poppy plant Papaver somniferum. Answer:(a)

The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), formally called Human gammaherpesvirus 4 is best known as the cause of infectious mononucleosis ("mono" or "glandular fever"). It is also associated with various cancer. Under immunocompromised conditions, EBV can trigger human cancers of epithelial and lymphoid origin. Answer:(a)

Hematology is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood. Serology is the scientific study of serum and other body fluids. In practice, the term usually refers to the diagnostic identification of antibodies. cryobiology is "the study of the effects of freezing and low temperatures on living organisms" Angiology is the medical specialty dedicated to studying the circulatory system and of the lymphatic system. Answer:(b)

Inflammation is reaction of living tissues to injury, irritation or infection which is characterized by pain, swelling, redness or heat. The injured region attack mast cell ( histamocytes) of connective tissue and basophils of blood. They release histamine and kinin. Answer:(a)

A widely used diagnostic test for AIDS is enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) Answer:(a)

antibody, also called immunoglobulin, a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance, called an antigen Answer:(a)

Lysergic acid diethylamide, also known colloquially as acid, is a psychedelic drug. Effects typically include intensified thoughts, emotions, and sensory perception. At sufficiently high dosages LSD manifests primarily visual, as well as auditory, hallucinations. LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is a synthetic chemical, made from a substance found in ergot, which is a fungus that infects rye. Answer:(a)

Triple Antigen Vaccine is a combination of three vaccines used to prevent diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough. This vaccine is given at the age of two months and is repeated at the age of 4 months and 6 months. Answer:(c)

This structure is morphine. Morphine is a pain medication of the opiate family that is found naturally in a dark brown, resinous form, from the poppy plant. It is opiate analgesic psychoactive drug. Morphine acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to relieve pain. Answer:(d)

Immunity is said to be passive when antibodies produced in other organisms are injected into a person who already has potential antigen in his body. A person, who is transfused with blood plasma proteins (antibodies) from someone who has been actively immunized against a specific antigen, is considered to have passive immunity. Answer:(b)

Cirrhosis is a late-stage liver disease in which healthy liver tissue is replaced with scar tissue and the liver is permanently damaged. Alcoholic cirrhosis happens after years of drinking too much alcohol and is an advanced form of alcohol-induced liver disease. Answer:(d)

HBsAg (also known as the Australia antigen) is the surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Its presence in blood indicates current hepatitis B infection. Answer:(a)

The dengue viruses are members of the genus Flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae. (i) is correct Dengue is a viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. The primary vectors that transmit the disease are Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. (ii) is wrong Symptoms usually last for 2–7 days, after an incubation period of 4–10 days after the bite from an infected mosquito. (iii) is wrong. Dengue fever is also known as breakbone fever. (iv) is correct. Answer:(b)

Live vaccines replicate in the host causing a mild or undetected disease and bring about an immune response which mimics natural infection. Live virus vaccines use the weakened (attenuated) form of the virus. Answer:(b)

Rabies is a preventable viral disease most often transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal. The rabies virus infects the central nervous system of mammals, ultimately causing disease in the brain and death. The infection causes intense spasms in the throat when a person tries to swallow. Even the thought of swallowing water can cause spasms, making it appear that the individual is afraid of water. Answer:(b)

Lymphoid organs: These are the organs where origin and/or maturation and proliferation of lymphocytes occur. The primary lymphoid organs are bone marrow and thymus. Answer:(d)

An epitope, also known as antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells. The epitope is the specific piece of the antigen to which an antibody binds. The part of an antibody that binds to the epitope is called a paratope. Answer:(d)

Answer:(a)

Answer:(c)

Vaccines increase acquired immunity. Acquired immunity makes your immune system stronger. Vaccines, for example, expose your immune system to small amounts of pathogens that won't make you sick. Your immune system learns how to recognize those germs, so the next time it encounters them, your immune system will know how to naturally fight them off. Answer:(b)

Plasmodium enters the human body as sporozoites (infectious form) through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquito. The parasites initially multiply within the liver cells and then attack the red blood cells (RBCs) resulting in their rupture. The rupture of RBCs is associated with release of a toxic substance, haemozoin, which is responsible for the chill and high fever recurring every three to four days. Answer:(b)

Opioids	depressant and slows down body functions.
Barbiturates	treat depression, anxiety and insomnia
Morphine	pain-relieving drugs (Sedatives and painkillers)
Mary Mallon	she carrier of Typhoid
Diphtheria	can be determined by Schick test

Given above is drugs or disease in column I and their effects in column II. Answer:(a)

Performance-enhancing drugs, or PED, are substances used to improve performance in any form of activity. Example of these are anabolic androgenic steroids, Amphetamines, Cannabinoids, cocaine. Answer:(d)

Myasthenia gravis is characterized by weakness and rapid fatigue of any of the muscles under your voluntary control. It's caused by a breakdown in the normal communication between nerves and muscles. Autoantibodies in the blood that target acetylcholine receptors are the key problem in myasthenia gravis. IgG consists of immune globulins collected from donors and acts to destroy and neutralize these autoantibodies in the bloodstream and block the production of new autoantibodies. Answer:(b)

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD). spirochetes cause diseases such as syphilis, Lyme disease, relapsing fever and leptospirosis. (i) is correct. Congenital syphilis is caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum, which is passed from mother to child during fetal development or at birth. (ii) is correct. STDs can be prevented by IUDs. IUDs curtails unwanted pregnancy. (iii) is incorrect. The etiological agent, Treponema pallidum, cannot be cultured. (iv) is correct. Answer:(c)

People administered with performed antibodies get passive immunity. Assertion is false. autoimmune disease symptoms may change with time. They may go into remission, where you have minimal or no symptoms, or they could flare up, making the disease worse. Although they can't be cured, some of the symptoms can be treated. Reason is false. Answer:(d)

There is lymphoid tissue also located within the lining of the major tracts (respiratory, digestive and urogenital tracts) called mucosaassociated lymphoid tissue (MALT). It constitutes about 50 per cent of the lymphoid tissue in human body. Answer:(a)

Ebola is spread by direct contact with blood or other body fluids (such as: vomit, diarrhea, urine, breast milk, sweat, semen) of an infected person. HIV is transmitted through blood, semen, breast milk and other body fluids. Hepatitis B is usually spread through blood, semen, or other body fluids from a person infected with the virus. Chikungunya virus is primarily transmitted to people through the bite of an infected mosquito, mainly Aedes aegypti Answer:(c)

Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia. The common cold, also known simply as a cold is a viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract that primarily affects the nose. The throat, sinuses, and larynx may also be affected. Answer:(d)

The first use of drugs or alcohol may be out of curiosity or experimentation, but later the child starts using these to escape facing problems. Of late, stress, from pressures to excel in academics or examinations, has played a significant role in persuading the youngsters to try alcohol and drugs. The perception among youth that it is ‘cool’ or progressive to smoke, use drugs or alcohol, is also in a way a major cause for youth to start these habits. Other factors that have been seen to be associated with drug and alcohol abuse among adolescents are unstable or unsupportive family structures and peer pressure. Answer:(a)

The use of illegal drugs or the use of prescription or over-the-counter drugs for purposes other than those for which they are meant to be used, or in excessive amounts Answer:(d)

Coca alkaloid or cocaine is obtained from coca plant Erythroxylum coca, native to South America. It has a potent stimulating action on central nervous system, producing a sense of euphoria and increased energy. Excessive dosage of cocaine causes hallucinations. Other well-known plants with hallucinogenic properties are Atropa belladona and Datura . Natural cannabinoids are obtained from the inflorescences of the plant Cannabis sativa. Some cannabinoids have pleasure giving effects and also cause hallucination. Opoids extracted from Papaver somniferum are depressants. Answer:(a)

Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system, which is part of the body's germ-fighting network. The lymphatic system includes the lymph nodes (lymph glands), spleen, thymus gland and bone marrow. Lymphoma can affect all those areas as well as other organs throughout the body. Answer:(b)

Answer:(a)

Answer:(a)

Heroin, commonly called smack is chemically diacetylmorphine which is a white, odourless, bitter crystalline compound. This is obtained by acetylation of morphine, which is extracted from the latex of poppy plant Papaver somniferum. Generally taken by snorting and injection, heroin is a depressant and slows down body functions. (ii) is wrong because heroin is obtained by acetylation not acylation. Answer:(d)

Answer:(b)