Contact between broken skin, wounds, or mucous membranes and HIV-infected blood or blood-contaminated body fluids. Deep, open-mouth kissing if both partners have sores or bleeding gums and blood from the HIV-positive partner gets into the bloodstream of the HIV-negative partner. HIV is not spread by: Air or water Mosquitoes, ticks or other insects Saliva, tears, or sweat that is not mixed with the blood of a person with HIV Shaking hands; hugging; sharing toilets; sharing dishes, silverware, or drinking glasses; or engaging in closed-mouth or “social” kissing with a person with HIV Drinking fountains Other sexual activities that don’t involve the exchange of body fluids (for example, touching). Answer : (b)

Anopheles culicifacies (sensu lato) is one of the major vectors of malaria on the Indian Leishmaniasis is due to protozoan parasites from the Leishmania species. You get leishmaniasis from being bitten by an infected sand fly. Answer : (d)

Cholera leads to diarrhoea and vomiting, both of which leads to loss of fluid from body, which needs to be replaced urgently. Saline solution is normally recommended to patients because saline replaces lost water and electrolytes. Further, sodium chloride in saline prevents water loss from body by promoting reabsorption of water. Answer : (c)

Diphtheria toxin is an exotoxin secreted by Corynebacterium, the pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria. Answer : (b)

Opium, narcotic drug that is obtained from the unripe seedpods of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), Nicotiana is Tobacco plants| Datura contain tropane alkaloids such as scopolamine and atropine which are poison Rauwolfia alkaloids have been used for relief of symptoms in agitated psychotic states such as schizophrenia Answer : (a)

Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), also prostatic specific acid phosphatase (PSAP), is an enzyme produced by the prostate. It may be found in increased amounts in men who have prostate cancer Answer : (d)

The immune system responds to antigens by producing cells that directly attack the pathogen, or by producing special proteins called antibodies. Answer : (a)

Answer:(b)

Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, the health of which is vital for good vision. NOT a cancer Carcinoma is a type of cancer that starts in cells that make up the skin or the tissue lining organs, such as the liver or kidneys. Sarcoma is the general term for a broad group of cancers that begin in the bones and in the soft (also called connective) tissues Lymphoma is cancer that begins in infection-fighting cells of the immune system, called lymphocytes. These cells are in the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and other parts of the body. Answer : (b)

The most significant gamma globulins are immunoglobulins (antibodies), although some immunoglobulins are not gamma globulins, and some gamma globulins are not immunoglobulins. Answer : (a)

Malignant tertian (P falciparum), in which the cold stage is less pronounced and the fever stage is more prolonged and intensified (if the fever is recurring it occurs every 2nd day). However, the fever is usually continuous or only briefly remittent. P. falciparum can cause severe malaria because it multiples rapidly in the blood, and can thus cause severe blood loss (anemia). In addition, the infected parasites can clog small blood vessels. When this occurs in the brain, cerebral malaria results, a complication that can be fatal Five species of Plasmodium (single-celled parasites) can infect humans and cause illness: Plasmodium falciparum (or P. falciparum) causes Malignant tertian Plasmodium malariae (or P. malariae), Humans occasionally become infected with Plasmodium species, with a fever every 3nd day Plasmodium vivax (or P. vivax) with a fever every 2nd day , can remain dormant in the liver Plasmodium ovale (or P. ovale)with a fever every 2nd day, can remain dormant in the liver Plasmodium knowlesi (or P. knowlesi) fever pattern is daily Answer : (d)

Immunoglobulin G (IgG), the most abundant type of antibody, is found in all body fluids and protects against bacterial and viral infections. Immunoglobulin M (IgM), which is found mainly in the blood and lymph fluid, is the first antibody to be made by the body to fight a new infection Answer : (c)

Dope test is atest used to determine the level of drugs intaje in aan athlete's body. Assertion false A drunken person is not in his senses and usually talks nonsense. Alcohol has an effect on cerebellum and it results into imbalanced muscular activities, posture etc. Reason false Answer : (d)

Recombinant DNA technology let to making second generation of Hepatitis-B vaccine (HBV) First generation vaccines are whole-organism vaccines – either live and weakened, or killed forms. Examples Plaque,Pertussis ,smallpox and polio vaccines Second generation vaccines were developed to reduce the risks from live vaccines. These are subunit vaccines, consisting of specific protein antigens (such as tetanus or diphtheria toxoid) or recombinant protein components (such as the hepatitis B surface antigen). Third generation vaccinesDNA vaccines Immunogenic potential administration of a plasmid containing a gene encoding the antigen, known as genetic vaccines, is categorized as third generation vaccines. examples HIV Malaria Cancers Influenza Ebola Hepatitis HPV Answer : (b)

Tetanus, also called lockjaw, is a serious infection caused by Clostridium tetani. This bacterium produces a toxin that affects the brain and nervous system, leading to stiffness in the muscles. If Clostridium tetani spores are deposited in a wound, the neurotoxin interferes with nerves that control muscle movement Answer : (a)

Agglutination is the clumping of particles. Agglutination is the process that occurs if an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody called isoagglutinin. Opsonization is a term that refers to an immune process where particles such as bacteria are targeted for destruction by an immune cell known as a phagocyte In biochemistry, activation, specifically called bioactivation, is where enzymes or other biologically active molecules acquire the ability to perform their biological function The process of neutralizing a pathogen by antibody acting on the receptors or specific antigen Answer : (d)

Cirrhosis is most commonly caused by alcohol, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Typically, more than two or three alcoholic drinks per day over a number of years is required for alcoholic cirrhosis to occur. Answer : (c)

Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are a number of conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment. These diseases include hay fever, food allergies, atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, and anaphylaxis. Types: Hay fever, food allergies, atopic dermat Answer : (b)

Antibodies are produced by specialized white blood cells called B lymphocytes (or B cells). When an antigen binds to the B-cell surface, it stimulates the B cell to divide and mature into a group of identical cells called a clone. Helper T-cells they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells. T-lymphocytes help protect the body from infection and may help fight cancer. B lymphocytes are the cells of the immune system that make antibodies to invading pathogens like viruses. They form memory cells that remember the same pathogen for faster antibody production in future infections Answer : (a)

Conditions that can cause jaundice as a symptom include: Weil's disease. This condition is contracted through contact with contaminated soil or water as well as contact with the blood, urine, or other tissues of animals that have the disease. Jaundice itself isn't contagious Answer : (d)

Answer : (b)

Macrophage is a type of white blood cell which is a phagocyte Answer : (a)

Cyclosporine A is widely produced by submerged fermentation of aerobic fungi identified as Trichoderma polysporum but currently identified as Tolypocladium inflatum. Answer : (d)

opium is a sticky brown resin obtained by collecting and drying the latex that exudes from the poppy pods (fruits) Answer : (b)

diapedesis, is the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system and towards the site of tissue damage or infection. This process forms part of the innate immune response, involving the recruitment of non-specific leukocytes. Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot, known as a thrombus, within a blood vessel. It prevents blood from flowing normally through the circulatory system Emboly means the throwing in or insertion of cells Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle, giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome. Answer : (b)

proto-oncogenes provide signals that lead to cell division. some proto-oncogenes regulate programmed cell death (apoptosis). An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer. A tumor suppressor gene, or anti-oncogene, is a gene that regulates a cell during cell division and replication. If the cell grows uncontrollably, it will result in cancer. Answer : (c)

Passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity of ready-made antibodies. Emil von Behring, born as Emil Adolf Behring, was a German physiologist who received the 1901 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, the first one awarded, for his discovery of a diphtheria antitoxin. Passive immunization via diphtheria antitoxin (DAT) of equine origin is highly efficacious in treating diphtheria though it is not a replacement for active immunization using diphtheria toxoid. Answer : (b)

people with severe allergies, when they’re exposed to something they’re allergic to, they may experience a potentially life-threatening reaction called anaphylaxis. As a result, their immune system releases chemicals that flood the body. This can lead to anaphylactic shock. Person died due to penicillin Common allergic reactions to penicillin include rashes, hives, itchy eyes, and swollen lips, tongue, or face. In rare cases, an allergy to penicillin can cause an "anaphylactic reaction", which can be deadly. This type of reaction usually happens within an hour after you take penicillin. Answer : (a)

Arbovirus is an informal name used to refer to any viruses that are transmitted by arthropod vectors , Arboviruses belong to three families 1) Mosquitoes: virus of Japanese encephalitis, dengue, yellow fever, St. Louis encephalitis, EEE, WEE, VEE 2) Ticks Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, various tick-borne encephalitides 3) Sandflies Sicilian sandfly fever, Rift valley fever. Answer : (b)

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a type of antibody. IgE plays a pivotal role in responses to allergens, such as: anaphylactic drugs, bee stings. IgE primes the IgE-mediated allergic response by binding to Fc receptors found on the surface of mast cells and basophils. Answer : (a)

There are three lines of defense: the first is to keep invaders out (through skin, mucus membranes, etc), the second line of defense consists of non-specific ways to defend against pathogens that have broken through the first line of defense (such as with inflammatory response and fever) Third line of defence is Adaptive Defense (Specific Defense--third line of defense) includes Lymphocytes, B Cells Produce Antibodies, Memory B cells, T cells Answer : (b)

HIV infects white blood cells in the body's immune system called T-helper cells (or CD4 cells). The virus attaches itself to the T-helper cell; it then fuses with it, takes control of its DNA, replicates itself and releases more HIV into the blood Answer : (a)

Erythroxylum (Erythroxylon) is a genus of tropical flowering plants in the family Erythroxylaceae. Many of the approximately 200 species contain the drug cocaine Rauwolfia ( Indian snake root) alkaloids belong to the general class of medicines called antihypertensives. They are used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). High blood pressure adds to the workload of the heart and arteries. If it continues for a long time, the heart and arteries may not function properly. Papaver somniferum, flowering plant of the family Papaveraceae, native to Turkey. Opium, morphine, codeine, and heroin are all derived Eucalyptus as an ingredient in many products, it is used to reduce symptoms of coughs, colds Answer : (b)

Chloroquine is a medication used to prevent and to treat malaria in areas where malaria is known to be sensitive to its effects Answer : (d)

The HIV genome consists of two identical single-stranded RNA Each virion comprises a viral envelope and associated matrix enclosing a capsid, which itself encloses two copies of the single-stranded RNA genome and several enzymes. Answer : (c)

Plasma cells can only produce a single kind of antibody in a single class of immunoglobulin. histiocytes are part of the immune system by way of two distinct functions: phagocytosis and antigen presentation. mast cells are coated with IgE, which is produced by plasma cells Fibroblasts can produce or respond to a wide variety of cytokines, and these mediators allow fibroblasts and leukocytes to cooperate during complex processes such as wound healing Answer : (c)

Edward Jenner inoculated James Phipps with vaccinia and 181 years later smallpox had disappeared from the surface of the earth as a result of generalized vaccination Answer : (b)

Flies transmit pathogens via touch or from bodily fluids, including from their saliva, feces, vomit, and urine. They can transmit parasites or bacteria that cause various infections. The most common are amoebic dysentery, typhoid fever, cholera, Trachoma, tapeworm, roundworm, leprosy, and mycoses Answer : (a)

Metastases most commonly develop when cancer cells break away from the main tumor and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system A metastasis is the spread of cancer to another region distant from the site of the primary cancer Answer(c)

Edward Jenner is often called "father of immunology". He pioneered the concept of vaccines including creating the smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine. Answer : (a)

Answer:(b)

Interferons are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses. In a typical scenario, a virus-infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to heighten their anti-viral defenses. Answer : (c)

Amphetamines are stimulant drugs, which means they speed up the messages travelling between the brain and the body. Answer : (d)

Leukemia occurs when abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow quickly increase and destroy normal blood cells. This leaves a person prone to infection. Treatment approaches for leukemia depend on the type of white blood cell affected and whether the disease is acute or chronic. Answer : (c)

Epitope, also known as antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells. For example, the epitope is the specific piece of the antigen to which an antibody binds. Answer : (b)

Amphetamines are stimulant drugs, which means they speed up the messages travelling between the brain and the body. Answer : (a)

Alcohol goes directly into the bloodstream and travels throughout the body. Organs such as the brain, which contain a lot of water and need a lot of blood to function, are particularly vulnerable to the effects of alcohol. Alcohol affects the cerebellum, muscle movements become uncoordinated. As alcohol affects the cerebellum, a person loses his or her balance frequently. If alcohol is consumed for very long period it affects liver, pancreas Answer : (d)

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable border of endothelial cells that prevents solutes in the circulating blood from non-selectively crossing into the extracellular fluid of the central nervous system where neurons reside. Alcohol crosses blood brain barrier effectively and is responsible for the disturbance in neuronal function such as blurred vision etc Answer : (b)

Huntington disease is a progressive brain disorder that causes uncontrolled movements, emotional problems, and loss of thinking ability (cognition). Adult-onset Huntington disease, the most common form of this disorder, usually appears in a person's thirties or forties Answer : (a)

The Western blot test separates the blood proteins and detects the specific proteins (called HIV antibodies) that indicate an HIV infection. The Western blot is used to confirm a positive ELISA, and the combined tests are 99.9% accurate. Answer : (d)