Marijuana, chemical is found in resin produced by the leaves and buds primarily of the female Cannabis sativa plant Answer : (d)

The variable region includes the ends of the light and heavy chains, thus have four region Answer : (b)

Leukemia is cancer of the body's blood-forming tissues, including the bone marrow and the lymphatic system. Answer : (a)

Treatment of cancer can be made by surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. Immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or hormone therapy. Answer : (d)

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) are antibodies produced by the immune system. Immune system overreacts to an allergen by producing antibodies called Immunoglobulin E (IgE). These antibodies travel to cells that release chemicals, causing an allergic reaction. Answer : (c)

carcinogen a substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue. Answer : (c)

Nonspecific defenses include physical and chemical barriers, the inflammatory response, and interferons. Killer T-cells recognise their specific antigen (such as fragments of viruses) that are present on the surface of all nucleated cells. T cells kill their target cells, primarily by releasing cytotoxic granules into the cell to be killed. Answer : (d)

The cause of syphilis is a bacterium called Treponema pallidum. Thus option (d) is not correct Answer : (d)

Lysozyme is a naturally occurring enzyme found in bodily secretions such as tears, saliva, and milk. It functions as an antimicrobial agent by cleaving the peptidoglycan component of bacterial cell walls, which leads to cell death. Thus correct answer is Physiological Answer : (b)

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Arbovirus is any of a group of viruses which are transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks, or other arthropods. They include the dengue virus. Answer : (a)

Thyroid gland absorbs nearly all of the iodine in body. Because of this, radioactive iodine (RAI, also called I-131) can be used to treat thyroid cancer. Answer : (d)

AIDS-related complex is the symptoms of a person who is affected with the AIDS virus but does not necessarily develop the disease. Answer : (c)

LSD, potent synthetic hallucinogenic drug that can be derived from the ergot alkaloids of the fungus Claviceps purpurea. Claviceps purpurea is an ergot fungus that grows on the ears of rye and related cereal and forage plants. Answer : (b)

Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when a person is exposed to a live pathogen and develops a primary immune response, which leads to immunological memory. Answer : (a)

In any given immunoglobulin molecule, the two heavy chains and the two light chains are identical, giving an antibody molecule two identical antigen-binding sites , and thus the ability to bind simultaneously to two identical structures. Answer : (d)

Antibodies are produced by specialized white blood cells called B lymphocytes (or B cells). Answer : (c)

India was declared as Dracunculus medinensis (guinea worm) disease free country by WHO in 2000 Dracunculiasis, also known as Guinea worm disease (GWD), is an infection caused by the parasite Dracunculus medinensis. A parasite is an organism that feeds off of another to survive. GWD is spread by drinking water containing Guinea worm larvae. Larvae are immature forms of the worm. Answer : (b)

Leishmania donovani is a species of intracellular parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania, a group of haemoflagellate kinetoplastids that cause the disease leishmaniasis. It is a human blood parasite responsible for visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar, the most severe form of leishmaniasis. Answer : (a)

There are 3 main types of T cells: cytotoxic, helper, and suppressor (regulatory). Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells bearing specific antigen while sparing neighboring uninfected cells. Helper t cell ,help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells. Suppressor t cell modulate the immune system, maintain tolerance to self-antigens, and prevent autoimmune disease Answer : (a)

Hepatitis B is an infection of liver. It can cause scarring of the organ, liver failure, and cancer. It can be fatal if it isn't treated. It's spread when people come in contact with the blood, open sores, or body fluids of someone who has the hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis C is a liver infection that can lead to serious liver damage Hepatitis A is a viral liver disease that can cause mild to severe illness. Answer : (d)

T cells (thymus cells) and B cells (bone marrow- or bursa-derived cells) are the major cellular components of the adaptive immune response. Following activation, B cells and T cells leave a lasting legacy of the antigens they have encountered, in the form of memory cells. naive T cell is a T cell that has differentiated in bone marrow, and successfully undergone the positive and negative processes of central selection in the thymus. Answer : (c,d)

Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells (white blood cells). They act as a critical part of the immune response by specifically recognizing and binding to particular antigens, such as bacteria or viruses, and aiding in their destruction. Answer : (b)

Opsonization is the molecular mechanism whereby molecules, microbes, or apoptotic cells are chemically modified to have stronger interactions with cell surface receptors on phagocytes and antibodies. Answer : (a)

Antibodies attach to a specific antigen and make it easier for the immune cells to destroy the antigen. T lymphocytes attack antigens directly and help control the immune response. They also release chemicals, known as cytokines, which control the entire immune response. The brain can modulate some aspects of immune operation, but this does not necessarily imply that we are in conscious control of our immunity Answer : (d)

The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of Lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans. Retroviruses are a type of virus in the viral family called Retroviridae. They use RNA as their genetic material and are named for a special enzyme that's a vital part of their life cycle — reverse transcriptase. Answer : (c)

HLA match is a process in which blood or tissue samples are tested for human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) HLA is same in identical twins. Hence, twins are the first preference for transplantation, followed by siblings with relative similarities, followed by a parent with some similarities. If the donor from the family members is not available, then least preference is given for unrelated donor. Answer : (c)

Allergy is the hypersensitiveness of a person to some foreign substances coming in contact with or entering the body. The common allergens are dust, pollen mould, spores, fabricates, bacteria, etc. During an allergic reaction, there is increased the release of histamine from mast cells. Use of antihistamines and from mast cells. Use of antihistamine and steroids give a quick relief from allergy Answer : (c)

Hashish is an hallucinogen, which alter a persons thought, feeling and perceptions. Morphine is used to pain relievers Barbiturates are sedative-hypnotics Opium as a sedative and for pleasure Answer : (c)

Answer : (c)

Answer : (b)

Hypnozoites are dormant forms in the life cycles of certain parasitic protozoa that belong to the Phylum Apicomplexa (Sporozoa) and are best known for their probable association with latency and relapse in human malarial infections caused by Plasmodium ovale and P. vivax Answer provided by MANISH KUMAR Answer : (a)

Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism. whether by disease, excessive alcohol consumption or another cause — it tries to repair itself. Answer : (d)

HIV is a retrovirus, which means it carries single-stranded RNA as its genetic material rather than the double-stranded DNA human cells carry. Retroviruses also have the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which allows it to copy RNA into DNA and use that DNA "copy" to infect human, or host, cells. Answer : (c)

Answer : (d)

The P. falciparum sporozoite is able to invade both mosquito and vertebrate host cells. Answer : (b)

Antibodies (immunoglobins) are Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells of the immune system in response to exposure to antigens Answer : (a)

The common cold is a viral infection of your nose and throat. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Answer : (d)

Antivenom acts to neutralize the poisonous venom of the cobra and causes the venom to be released from the receptor site. Thus, the receptor sites that were previously blocked by venom are now free to interact with the acetylcholine molecule, and normal respiration resumes. Thus body would gain the ability to produce antibodies, and you would eventually be able to survive small doses of the venom which lasts for a few weeks to three to four months Artificially-acquired passive immunity is an immediate, but short-term immunization provided by the injection of antibodies, such as gamma globulin, that are not produced by the recipient's cells. Answer : (b)

Chickenpox is an infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus Answer : (a)

Plasmodium Asexual cycle or schizogony in human is completed in following phases: Pre-erythrocytic schizogony Exo-erythrocytic cycle Erythrocytic cycle Post-erythrocytic cycle Formation of gametocytes Answer : (d)

T cells are involved in the cell-mediated immune response, whereas B cells are part of the humoral immune response. T cells can only recognize viral antigens outside the infected cells whereas B cells can recognize the surface antigens of bacteria and viruses Answer : (b)

Smallpox is caused by infection with the variola virus. The virus can be transmitted: Directly from person to person. Direct transmission of the virus requires fairly prolonged face-to-face contact. Answer : (a)

Tetanus is a serious disease caused by a bacterial toxin that affects nervous system Bacterial infections are by far the most common causes of dysentery. Typhoid is a bacterial infection that can lead to a high fever, diarrhea, and vomiting. Answer : (d)

Lymphocytes are divided mainly into B and T cells. B lymphocytes produce antibodies - proteins (gamma globulins) that recognize foreign substances (antigen) and attach themselves to them. B lymphocytes (or B cells) are each programmed to make one specific antibody. Answer : (c)

Trichoderma polysporium produces cyclosporine A which acts as immunosuppressive agent during organ transplant. They suppress the immune system of the patient so that it does not act against organ transplanted. Answer : (b)

A lymphocyte is one of the subtypes of a white blood cell in a vertebrate's immune system. Lymphocytes include natural killer cells (which function in cell-mediated, cytotoxic innate immunity), T cells (for cell-mediated, cytotoxic adaptive immunity), and B cells (for humoral, antibody-driven adaptive immunity). Answer : (a)

rheumatoid arthritis, immune system mistakenly sends antibodies to the lining of your joints, where they attack the tissue surrounding the joint. This causes the thin layer of cells (synovium) covering your joints to become sore and inflamed, releasing chemicals that damage nearby bones Answer : (d)

Ross made his landmark discovery. He found the malaria parasite and proved that the Anopheles mosquitoes responsible for the transmission of malaria parasites in humans while dissecting the stomach tissue of an anopheline mosquito fed four days previously on a malarious patient. Answer : (c)

Heroin is ontaned from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), a plant of family Papaveraceae Answer : (b)

Hypersensitivity type III reactions involve the interaction of IgG or IgM immunoglobulins with antigen to form immune complexes. Intermediate‐sized immune complexes are difficult to remove by the process of phagocytosis. Answer : (c)