Active Immunity . Immunity that develops after exposure to a disease-causing infectious microorganism or other foreign substance, such as following infection or vaccination. Answer : (b)

Acid in stomach, saliva in mouth, tears from eyes all prevent microbial growth. They are part of innate immunity and grouped under physiological barriers. Answer : (a)

The primary tests for diagnosing HIV and AIDs is ELISA Test Answer : (d)

Thalidomide combat nausea and alleviate morning sickness in pregnant women. The side-effects were devastating, children were subsequently born with severe disabilities Answer : (c)

Innate immunity refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body. The innate immune response is activated by chemical properties of the antigen. Interferons (IFNs) are low molecular weight proteins that belong to the class of glycoproteins known as cytokines. IFNs are part of the non-specific immune system and are an important first line of defense against viral infections Answer : (b)

Opioids are medications that mimic the activity of endorphins, substances produced by the body to control pain or analgesic . Answer : (a)

LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) are hallucinogenic drugs obtained from the sclerotia of ergot fungus. Answer : (d)

Dipsomania is alcoholism, specifically in a form characterized by intermittent bouts of craving for alcohol. Answer : (c)

myeloid leukemia (AML) continues to be referred to as a “liquid tumor,” implying dissemination of bone marrow (BM)-derived cells in the blood. Adenocarcinoma is cancer that forms in mucus-secreting glands throughout the body. The disease may develop in many different places, Glioblastoma is a type of brain cancer. It's the most common type of malignant brain tumor among adults| Chondrosarcoma is a malignant tumor composed of cartilage-producing cells. Answer : (b)

Ringworm, also known as dermatophytosis, dermatophyte infection, or tinea, is a fungal infection of the skin. “Ringworm” is a misnomer, since a fungus, not a worm, causes the infection. The lesion caused by this infection resembles a worm in the shape of a ring — hence the name. Answer : (a)

HIV is spread when blood, semen, or vaginal fluids from an infected person enter another person's body, usually through sexual contact, from sharing needles when injecting drugs, or from mother to baby during birth. Answer : (d)

Answer : (d)

Hallucinations are sensory experiences that appear real but are created by your mind. They can affect all five of your senses. Hallucinogens produce a dream like state and cause loss of contact with external reality without any true sensory stimulus. They cause hallucinations and produce false imaginations. They effect cerebrum and sense organs which can lead to extreme feeling of euphoria (excitement) or despair Answer : (c)

Marijuana, Ganja, and LSD are drugs which alter our perception of reality by changing the way of communication in the nerve cells in our brain and these drugs are called as Hallucinogens. Narcotics are opiates such as morphine and codeine, but are not made from opium Stimulants are a class of drugs that speed up the messages between the brain and the body.examples of stimulants are dextroamphetamine (dexedrine, dextrostat, procentra), lisdexamfetamine (vyvanse), methylphenidate Answer : (b)

Active immunity is long-lasting immunity produced by the body's own immune system and involves the production of long-lasting memory cells. Active immunity can either be natural, such as from an infection, or artificial, such as from vaccination Answer:(a)

killer T cell recognizes and kills a virus-infected cell because of the viral antigen on its surface, thus aborting the infection because a virus will not grow within a dead cell. Helper T cells are the most important cells in adaptive immunity, as they are required for almost all adaptive immune responses. They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells. Suppressor T cells, are a subpopulation of T cells that modulate the immune system, maintain tolerance to self-antigens, and prevent autoimmune disease. Answer : (d)

The Madagascar periwinkle is the primary source of anticancer agents vinblastine and vincristine. Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) produces two potent alkaloids, vinblastine and vincristine, which are used to treat various cancers. Answer : (c)

Teratogen: Any agent that can disturb the development of an embryo or fetus. Teratogens may cause a birth defect in the child. Or a teratogen may halt the pregnancy outright. The classes of teratogens include radiation, maternal infections, chemicals, and drugs. Answer : (c)

Antiserum is human or nonhuman blood serum containing monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies Answer : (b)

Answer:(a)

Neoplasm a new and abnormal growth of tissue in a part of the body, especially as a characteristic of cancer. Malignant tumours are made up of cancer cells a – 3, Benign tumors are noncancerous growths in the body. Unlike cancerous tumors, they don't spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.b – 5, Carcinoma is a malignancy that develops from epithelial cells. c – 4, A sarcoma is a rare kind of cancer that grows in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage or muscle. d – 2, Lymphoma is cancer that begins in infection-fighting cells of the immune system, called lymphocytes. These cells are in the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and other parts of the body. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the stem cells that give rise to other blood cells. e -1 Answer : (a)

Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi bacteria. Typhoid fever is contracted by the ingestion of contaminated food or water. Answer : (d)

Maternal infections caused by most organisms which can cross the placenta German measles (rubella), mumps, poliomyelitis, smallpox, rubeola, syphilis, malaria, toxoplasmosis, HIV, CMV infections caused by S typhosa, V fetus, L monocytogenes, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus) may result in abortion or stillbirth Answer : (d)

virus : AIDS, Rabies, Mumps Bacteria: syphilis, Typhoid,Tetanus, Cholera, T.B. Answer : (c)

Musca domestica is housefly (Musca domestica) Option 'a' is not correct pair Plasmodium falciparum is a unicellular protozoan parasite of humans, and the deadliest species of Plasmodium that causes malaria in humans. Option 'b'is correct pair Felis tigris is a large carnivorous feline mammal (Panthera tigris) of Asia, Option 'c' is not correct pair Escherichia coli (E.Coli) bacteria normally live in the intestines of healthy people and animals. Option 'd' is not correct pair Answer : (b)

During inflammation, the blood supply increases, helping carry immune cells to the affected area. Because of the increased blood flow, an infected area near the surface of the body becomes red and warm. The walls of blood vessels become more porous, allowing fluid and white blood cells to pass into the affected tissue. Diapedesis the movement or passage of blood cells, especially white blood cells, through intact capillary walls into surrounding body tissue. Chemotaxis is the attraction and movement of macrophages to a chemical signal. Chemotaxis uses cytokines and chemokines to attract macrophages and neutrophils to the site of infection, ensuring that pathogens in the area will be destroyed. Phagocytic immune cells, the resulting phagosome may be merged with lysosomes containing digestive enzymes, forming a phagolysosome. Answer : (b)

When the parasite develops in the erythrocyte, numerous known and unknown waste substances such as hemozoin pigment and other toxic factors accumulate in the infected red blood cell. These are dumped into the bloodstream when the infected cells lyse and release invasive merozoites hemozoin and also glucose phosphate isomerase which stimulate macrophages to secrete cytokines and other factors which then cause the fever and the shivering observed in malaria Answer : (c)

Particularly Cerebral malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Answer : (c)

Diphtheria toxin is an exotoxin secreted by Corynebacterium, the pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria. Diphtheria toxin kills cells by inhibiting eukaryotic protein synthesis, and its mechanism of action has been extensively characterized. Answer : (a)

Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella , and Shigella link. responsible for diarrhoeal diseases. Assertion is true Initial management of Dehydration includes placement of an intravenous or intraosseous line and rapid administration of 20 mL/kg of an isotonic crystalloid (eg, lactated Ringer solution, 0.9% sodium chloride). Additional fluid boluses may be required depending on the severity of the dehydration. reason is true Answer : (b)

Antibodies are produced by specialized white blood cells called B lymphocytes Answer : (d)

The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. Plasmodium parasites' primary hosts and transmission vectors are female Anopheles mosquitoes. Humans and other vertebrates are secondary hosts. Answer : (b)

metastasis is the development of secondary malignant tumor growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer. option 'a' is correct statement Morphine is the standard choice for opiates and is widely used to relieve pain. Option 'b' is false statement A benign tumor is not a malignant tumor. It does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. So dont show metastasis. Option 'c' is false statement With heroin, the surge of pleasurable sensation is usually accompanied by a warm flushing of the skin, dry mouth, and a heavy feeling in the extremities. Nausea, vomiting, and severe itching may also occur. Option 'd' is false statement Answer : (a)

Caffeine is a substance you find in many foods and beverages, from tea, coffee, chocolate or cocoa. Answer : (b)

IgA is the predominant antibody in mucous secretions such as saliva, tears, milk and intestinal juice. Answer : (a)

T cells can detect the presence of an intracellular pathogen because infected cells display on their surface peptide fragments derived from the pathogen's proteins. Answer : (c)

Heroin is synthesised by acetylation of the two hydroxyl groups of morphine with acetyl chloride, Answer : (a)

HIV infects a type of white blood cell in the body's immune system called a T-helper cell (also called a CD4 cell). These vital cells keep us healthy by fighting off infections and diseases. HIV cannot reproduce on its own. Instead, the virus attaches itself to a T-helper cell and fuses with it (joins together) Answer : (c)

Histamine is a chemical neurotransmitter produced by the body during an allergic reaction, most noticeably causing skin, nose, and throat and lung irritation. These reactions are part of the inflammatory response, which is an important part of the overall immune response Answer : (c)

Jaundice is disease of Liver Jaundice is a condition in which the skin, sclera (whites of the eyes) and mucous membranes turn yellow. This yellow color is caused by a high level of bilirubin, a yellow-orange bile pigment. Bile is fluid secreted by the liver. Bilirubin is formed from the breakdown of red blood cells. Answer : (b)

The first area compromised by alcohol is the cortex, which causes confusion and lowers inhibitions. Terrible jokes start to seem funny, and you are less afraid to talk to new people or sing bad karaoke. Next, it hits the cerebellum, altering movement and balance. Answer : (a)

Edward Jenner observed that milkmaids who previously had caught cowpox did not catch smallpox and showed that inoculated vaccinia protected against inoculated variola virus. Answer : (c)

The innate immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates. The innate immune system is an older evolutionary defense strategy The innate leukocytes include: Natural killer cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils; and the phagocytic cells include macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells, and function within the immune system by identifying and eliminating pathogens that might cause infection Answer : (b)

Anaplasia is a condition of cells with poor cellular differentiation, losing the morphological characteristics of mature cells and their orientation with respect to each other and to endothelial cells. Answer : (c)

During an allergy, immune system overreacts to an allergen by producing antibodies called Immunoglobulin E (IgE). These antibodies travel to cells that release chemicals, causing an allergic reaction. Answer : (b)

The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system. Within the thymus, Thymus cell lymphocytes or T cells mature. Damage to thymus in a child would lead to loss of antibody mediated immunity Answer : (a)

The primary tests for diagnosing HIV and AIDs is ELISA. If an ELISA test is positive, the Western blot test is usually administered to confirm the diagnosis. Answer : (c)

Rhinitis is inflammation and swelling of the mucous membrane of the nose, characterized by a runny nose and stuffiness and usually caused by the common cold or a seasonal allergy. Colds and allergies are the most common causes of rhinitis. Symptoms of rhinitis include a runny nose, sneezing, and stuffiness. Bronchial carcinoma symptoms are persistent or worsening cough. wheezing. coughing up blood and mucus. chest pain that gets worse when you take a deep breath, laugh, or cough. shortness of breath. hoarseness. weakness, fatigue. frequent or persistent attacks of bronchitis or pneumonia. Bronchitis symptoms are Cough. Production of mucus (sputum), which can be clear, white, yellowish-gray or green in color — rarely, it may be streaked with blood. Fatigue. Shortness of breath. Slight fever and chills. Chest discomfort. Cyanosis most common symptoms of the condition are bluish discoloration of the lips, fingers, and toes Answer : (b)

Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response. a – r First line of defense include your skin, tears, mucus, cilia, stomach acid, urine flow, 'friendly' bacteria and white blood cells called neutrophils. b – s, Naturally acquired passive immunity occurs during pregnancy, in which certain antibodies are passed from the maternal blood into the fetal bloodstream in the form of IgG. c- t, second line of defense is non-specific immune responses - macrophages, neutrophils, interferons, and complement proteins. d- q Answer : (a)

Yellow fever is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes. The "yellow" in the name refers to the jaundice that affects some patients. Symptoms of yellow fever include fever, headache, jaundice, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting and fatigue. Typhoid fever is an acute illness associated with fever caused by the Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi bacteria. Answer : (d)