Morphine is one of the natural plant alkaloids found in opium Answer : (b)

Polio, or poliomyelitis, is a disabling and life-threatening disease caused by the poliovirus. Polio, or poliomyelitis is nonenveloped virus with a single-stranded RNA genome of positive polarity. Answer : (a)

Filarial worm is transmitted by mosquito. When a mosquito bites a person who has lymphatic filariasis, microscopic worms circulating in the person's blood enter and infect the mosquito. When the infected mosquito bites another person, the microscopic worms pass from the mosquito through the skin, and travel to the lymph vessels. Answer : (d)

First AIDS cases reported in the United States in June 1981 Answer : (c)

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005 was awarded jointly to Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease." Answer : (b)

Humoral is relating to the body fluids, especially with regard to immune responses involving antibodies in body fluids as distinct from cells. Answer : (c)

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were characterized by the presence of rare Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) skin lesions. Answer : (b)

gamma-globulin is formed in the germinal centers of lymphatic nodules and in the cytoplasm of mature and immature plasma cells of two types-those with and those without Russell bodies Answer : (a)

Malaria parasites are formed in the human host through the developmental switch from asexual replication in erythrocytes. Reason is false Answer : (d)

Epstein–Barr virus can play in both the formation and maintenance of Burkitt lymphoma. Answer : (c)

Analgesics are a class of medications designed specifically to relieve pain. Answer : (b)

Adaptive immunity is also referred to as acquired immunity or specific immunity and is only found in vertebrates. Answer : (a)

Neurasthenia associated with depression or emotional stress, and is sometimes considered similar to or identical with chronic fatigue syndrome Answer : (d)

AIDS don't spread Shaking hand Answer : (c)

Another name for tetanus is “lockjaw”. It often causes a person's neck and jaw muscles to lock, making it hard to open the mouth or swallow. Answer : (c)

Interferon belong to the large class of proteins known as cytokines, molecules used for communication between cells to trigger the protective defenses of the immune system that help eradicate pathogens. Answer : (b)

LSD, potent synthetic hallucinogenic drug that can be derived from the ergot alkaloids of the fungus Claviceps purpurea. morphine drug is still obtained from opium or extracted from poppy straw Charas, ganja and bhang are obtained from different varieties of the same plant called 'cannabis sativa' Answer : (a)

Angiosarcoma is cancer that forms in the lining of blood vessels and lymph vessels. It often affects the skin and may appear as a bruise-like lesion that grows over time. Angiosarcoma is a rare type of cancer that forms in the lining of the blood vessels and lymph vessels. Staement 'd' is true The mutation tells the cell to grow quickly, making more abnormal cells. Statement "a" is true. Angiosarcoma is an uncommon malignant tumor of endothelial cells Stataement b and c are false Answer : (d)

Pasteurella pestis (now called Yersinia pestis) is a short gram-negative rod that causes plague. Answer : (b)

Contact inhibition is a process of arresting cell growth when cells come in contact with each other. As a result, normal cells stop proliferating when they form a monolayer in a culture dish. Contact inhibition is a powerful anticancer mechanism that is lost in cancer cells Answer : (a)

The traits of cancell cells ar (1) Cancer cells stimulate their own growth (self-sufficiency in growth signals); (2) They resist inhibitory signals that might otherwise stop their growth (insensitivity to anti-growth signals); (3) They resist their programmed cell death (evading apoptosis); (4) They can multiply indefinitely (limitless replicative potential)(5) They stimulate the growth of blood vessels to supply nutrients to tumors (sustained angiogenesis); (6) They invade local tissue and spread to distant sites (tissue invasion and metastasis). Answer : (d)

Answer : (d)

Streptomycin is the most effective antibacterial agent known for tuberculosis. In vitro it has a marked bacteriostatic action on the tubercle bacillus, and in vivo it tends to exert a deterrent effect on the disease in both animals and man Answer : (c)

Preformed antibodies, which are derived from the blood serum of previously infected people or animals, are often administered in an antiserum to another person in order to provide immediate, passive immunization against fast-acting toxins or microbes, such as those in snakebites or tetanus infections. Vaccines contain the same germs that cause disease. (For example, measles vaccine contains measles virus, and Hib vaccine contains Hib bacteria.) But they have been either killed or weakened to the point that they don’t make you sick. Some vaccines contain only a part of the disease germ. Dead vaccines are pathogens that are basically inactivated or killed before they go into battle. The slayings occur in a variety of ways, including heat, radiation or chemicals. Unlike the staying power of live attenuated vaccines, reinforcement may be required for these dead vaccines via booster shots. Examples Viral: polio vaccine (Salk vaccine) and influenza vaccine. Bacterial: typhoid vaccine, cholera vaccine, plague vaccine, and pertussis vaccine. Answer : (b)

Answer : (c)

Answer:(a)

Diamorphine hydrochloride is an acetylated morphine derivative and is more potent opioid analgesic than morphine. Street/Commercial Names are Big H, Black Tar, Brown sugar, Dope, Junk, Skunk, Chiva, Hell Dust, Horse, Negra, Smack, Thunder, Muc, Skag. Answer : (d)

Pertussis, a respiratory illness commonly known as whooping cough, is a very contagious disease caused by a type of bacteria called Bordetella pertussis Answer : (c)

Reserpine, drug derived from the roots of certain species of the tropical plant Rauwolfia. The powdered whole root of the Indian shrub Rauwolfia serpentina (भारतीय सर्पगंधा)historically had been used to treat snakebites, insomnia, hypertension (high blood pressure), and insanity. Answer : (b)

Smoking causes cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung diseases, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Men who smoke are 23 times more likely to get lung cancer and women who smoke are 13 times more likely. Nonsmokers are also at risk of developing lung cancer. A nonsmoker exposed to secondhand smoke has a 20-30% higher risk of developing lung cancer Answer : (a)

If you have an allergy, your immune system overreacts to an allergen by producing antibodies called Immunoglobulin E (IgE). The IgE antibodies bind to mast cells. The allergen cross-links them. This triggers the mast cells to release powerful chemicals like histamines. Histamines cause the allergic symptoms like itching and runny nose. Answer : (d)

Immunoglobulin A (IgA): It's found in the linings of the respiratory tract and digestive system, as well as in saliva (spit), tears, and breast milk. Immunoglobulin G (IgG): This is the most common antibody. It's in blood and other body fluids, and protects against bacterial and viral infections. IgG can take time to form after an infection or immunization. Immunoglobulin E (IgE): Normally found in small amounts in the blood. There may be higher amounts when the body overreacts to allergens or is fighting an infection from a parasite. Immunoglobulin D (IgD): This is the least understood antibody, with only small amounts in the blood. Answer : (c)

An autoimmune disease is a condition in which your immune system mistakenly attacks your body. Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction to venom, food, or medication. Anaphylaxis causes a series of symptoms, including a rash, low pulse, and shock, which is known as anaphylactic shock. Preventive healthcare, or prophylaxis, consists of measures taken for disease prevention. An immune deficiency disease occurs when the immune system is not working properly. Answer : (b)

Current industrial ethanol fermentation is mainly carried out with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae because of its hardiness (low pH and high ethanol tolerance), although the bacterium Zymomonas mobilis has a higher specific ethanol productivity and yield from glucose and sucrose. Answer : (a)

Once HIV goes inside a T helper cells cell, HIV releases and uses reverse transcriptase (an HIV enzyme) to convert its genetic material—HIV RNA—into HIV DNA. Answer : (d)

The Widal test is one method that may be used to help make a presumptive diagnosis of enteric fever, also known as typhoid fever. Answer : (a)

Once inside inhibitory nerve terminals, tetanus toxin cleaves VAMP , thereby inhibiting the release of GABA and glycine. The result is a partial, functional denervation of the lower motor neurons, which leads to their hyperactivity and to increased muscle activity in the form of rigidity and spasms of the voluntary muscles Answer : (a)

Glycoproteins are proteins which contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to amino acid side-chains. The carbohydrate is attached to the protein in a cotranslational or posttranslational modification. Lipoproteins are complex particles that have a central hydrophobic core of non-polar lipids, primarily cholesterol esters and triglycerides. Steroid, any of a class of natural or synthetic organic compounds characterized by a molecular structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four rings. The prostaglandins are made up of unsaturated fatty acids that contain a cyclopentane (5-carbon) ring and are derived from the 20-carbon, straight-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acid precursor arachidonic acid. Answer : (d)

Smallpox was officially declared eradicated in 1980 and is the first disease to have been fought on a global scale. Answer : (c)

HIV decreases natural immunity by Attacking T-lymphocytes Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) specifically attacks Helper T cells. Without an adequate supply of Helper T cells, the immune system cannot signal B cells to produce antibodies or Cytotoxic T cells to kill infected cells. Answer : (c)

Drug tolerance simply means that a person's reaction to a drug decreases as they continue to use it. A person with a drug tolerance has to take larger doses in order to achieve the same effect as they did earlier in their drug use. Drug tolerance is not addiction. Answer : (b)

Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis. Rinderpest, also known as cattle plague, is a contagious viral disease affecting cloven- hoofed animals mainly cattle and buffalo. Rinderpest is caused by a virus of the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Morbillivirus. Colorado tick fever is caused by the Colorado tick fever virus. Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease of the intestinal tract of animals caused by coccidian protozoa. Answer : (a)

Allergy is a damaging immune response by the body to a substance, especially a particular food, pollen, fur, or dust, to which it has become hypersensitive. Answer : (b)

Polio, or poliomyelitis, is a disabling and life-threatening disease caused by the poliovirus. The virus spreads from person to person and can infect a person's spinal cord, causing paralysis Answer : (d)

Answer : (c)

Answer : (b)

Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) is defined as the ratio of a dose of standard radiation to the dose of test radiation to produce the same biological effects. DX is a reference absorbed dose of radiation of a standard type X DR is the absorbed dose of radiation of type R that causes the same amount of biological damage Answer : (a)

After an organ transplant, patients need to take immunosuppressant (anti-rejection) drugs. These drugs help prevent your immune system from attacking ("rejecting") the donor organ. Immunosuppressant drugs are used to treat autoimmune diseases. With an autoimmune disease, the immune system attacks the body's own tissue. Because immunosuppressant drugs weaken the immune system, they suppress this reaction. This helps reduce the impact of the autoimmune disease on the body. Answer : (d)

Bronchogenic carcinoma is the cancer of Lungs Bronchogenic carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm of the lung arising from the epithelium of the bronchus or bronchiole. Pathology. Bronchogenic carcinomas begin as a small focus of atypical epithelial cells within the bronchial mucosa. Answer : (c)

HIV infects a type of white blood cell in the body's immune system called a T-helper cell (also called a CD4 cell). These vital cells keep us healthy by fighting off infections and diseases. HIV cannot reproduce on its own. Instead, the virus attaches itself to a T-helper cell and fuses with it (joins together). Answer : (c)