Heroin is obtained from Poppy/ Papaver Answer : (b)

Airborne allergens and chemicals cause respiratory disease - inflammation in the nose and in the lung. Lung inflammation is often expressed as asthma Answer : (a)

The humoral immune response is mediated by antibody molecules that are secreted by plasma cells. Antigen that binds to the B-cell antigen receptor signals B cells and is, at the same time, internalized and processed into peptides that activate armed helper Answer : (d)

HIV infects a type of white blood cell in the body's immune system called a T-helper cell (also called a CD4 cell). These vital cells keep us healthy by fighting off infections and diseases. HIV cannot reproduce on its own. Instead, the virus attaches itself to a T-helper cell and fuses with it (joins together). Answer : (c)

Aanaphylactic shock an extreme, often life-threatening allergic reaction to an antigen to which the body has become hypersensitive. Histamines, the substances released by the body during an allergic reaction. Histamine binding to endothelial cells causes them to contract, thus increasing vascular leak. It also stimulates synthesis and release of various vascular smooth muscle cell relaxants, such as nitric oxide, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors and other compounds, resulting in blood vessel dilatio Answer : (d)

Interferon is secreted by cells in response to stimulation by a virus or other foreign substance, but it does not directly inhibit the virus's multiplication. Rather, it stimulates the infected cells and those nearby to produce proteins that prevent the virus from replicating within them. Answer : (c)

This build-up of fat can be caused by a variety of things. Drinking too much alcohol can cause alcoholic fatty liver disease. This is the first stage of alcohol-related liver disease. Answer : (c)

Short - lived immunity acquired from mother to foetus across placenta or through mother's milk to the infant is categorised as Passive immunity. Answer : (b)

LSD and marijuana effects on the brain can result in:hallucinations, impulsiveness, rapid mood changes that can range from euphoria to fear and paranoia, altered sense of self, synesthesia, or a crossing of the senses, increased blood pressure, fast heart rate, increase in body temperature, sweating, numbness and weakness Answer : (a)

LSD and marijuana are used in the treatment of anxiety, depression, psychosomatic diseases and addiction. Assertion s false LSD and marijuana effects on the brain can result in: impulsiveness, rapid mood changes that can range from euphoria to fear and paranoia, altered sense of self, hallucinations, synesthesia, or a crossing of the senses, increased blood pressure, fast heart rate, increase in body temperature, sweating, numbness and weakness Answer : (d)

Blackwater fever, also called malarial hemoglobinuria, one of the less common yet most dangerous complications of malaria. It occurs almost exclusively with infection from the parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Answer : (b)

Human breast milk contains large quantities of secretory Ig A (sIgA). These antibodies, which have formed as a consequence of the mother's previous exposure to infectious agents, can bind to potential pathogens and prevent their attachment to the infant's cells. Answer : (a)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) creates pictures of soft tissue parts of the body that are sometimes hard to see using other imaging tests. MRI is very good at finding and pinpointing some cancers. It is safe because radiation is not used, there is no risk of exposure to radiation during an MRI procedure. X-rays and other radiographic tests help doctors look for cancer in different parts of the body including bones, and organs like the stomach and kidneys. Computed tomography (CT scans) use X-rays, which produce ionizing radiation. Research shows that this kind of radiation may damage your DNA and lead to cancer The pathologist slices the tissue into thin layers, puts them on slides, stains them with dye, and takes a detailed look with a microscope. The pathologist notes what the cancer cells look like, how they compare to normal cells, and whether they've spread into nearby tissue Answer : (a)

Virally infected cells produce and release small proteins called interferons, which play a role in immune protection against viruses. Interferons prevent replication of viruses, by directly interfering with their ability to replicate within an infected cell. Answer : (d)

The plague vaccine is prepared from Y. pestis organisms grown in artificial media, inactivated with formaldehyde, and preserved in 0.5% phenol. Answer : (c)

symptoms of mood disorders Ongoing sad, anxious, or “empty” mood Feeling hopeless or helpless Having low self-esteem Feeling inadequate or worthless Excessive guilt Repeating thoughts of death or suicide, wishing to die, or attempting suicide Answer : (d)

Hepatitis A is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus. The disease is spread primarily through food or water contaminated by stool from an infected person TB is an airborne disease. Smallpox can be spread by humans only. Cancer is NOT contagious. Answer : (b)

Incubation period is the duration of time from initial infection with HIV to development of symptoms of the disease. Incubation period of HIV The period from infection to the primary seroconversion illness is usually 1 to 4. weeks. Statement 'a' is NOT correct Answer : (a)

Usually, these periods vary depending on the species of Plasmodium causing malaria. The average incubation period is 9-14 days for Plasmodium falciparum, 12-17 days for infections by Plasmodium vivax and 18-40 days for infections caused by Plasmodium malariae Answer : (d)

Cholera is the infection of the small intestine and is caused by the bacterium, Vibrio cholerae. The hallmark of the disease is profuse secretory diarrhoea. So, the patients with cholera are administered by saline drip or NaCl as the sodium ions or Na ions helps in retaining the water. Answer : (c)

Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by the bacterial microorganism known as Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Answer : (b)

Each dose of polio vaccine contains 40 D antigen units of type 1, eight D antigen units of type 2 and 32 D antigen units of type 3 Trace amounts of antibiotics (neomycin, streptomycin and polymyxin B). S Answer : (b)

Interferons. IFNs are cytokines synthesized by the host white blood cells or fibroblasts in response to different stimuli, including viral infections Answer : (a)

Answer : (d)

Motile zygote of Plasmodium occurs in the gut of female Anopheles. Answer : (c)

Interferons were discovered in 1957 by British bacteriologist Alick Isaacs and Swiss microbiologist Jean Lindenmann. Answer : (b)

Sleeping sickness, also called African trypanosomiasis, disease caused by infection with the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Answer : (a)

Antibodies are gamma globulin proteins that have sugar groups attached to amino acid chains. They can be classified as glycoproteins. The most basic form is the immunoglobulin monomer, which has only one immunoglobulin unit. Answer : (c)

The oriental flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) is the vector for bubonic plague Answer : (c)

The virus that causes AIDS, was Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-3). Answer : (b)

Answer : (a)

T-4 helper lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell that orchestrate the immune response and enhance the activities of the killer T-cells (those that destroy pathogens) and B-cells (antibody and immunoglobulin producers). A T-4 helper lymphocytes count is used to check the health of the immune system in people infected with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). HIV attacks and destroys -4 helper lymphocytes cells Answer : (d)

Characteristics of acquired immunity. B and T cells are specific immune cells responsible for these characteristics. (1) Antigenic specificity (Permits to distinguish among antigens, and their actions are specifically directed against the antigen that initiated the response), (2) Diversity (Antigens are recognized by different lymphocytes), (3) Immunologic memory (Re-exposure to the same antigen induces more rapid and effective response), and (4) Self / nonself discrimination. Answer : (d)

HIV is transmitted through the exchange of certain types of bodily fluids including: blood transfusion, semen, breast milk, and vaginal fluids · Saliva, tears Answer : (c)

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by infection with the Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacterium. N. gonorrhoeae infects the mucous membranes of the reproductive tract, including the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes in women, and the urethra in women and men. Answer : (d)

Mumps is a viral disease caused by the mumps virus. Answer : (b)

Mumps is a viral disease caused by the mumps virus. Mumps is a viral infection that primarily affects saliva-producing large salivary glands situated just in front of each ear.(Parotid gland) Answer : (a)

BCG vaccine has a documented protective effect against meningitis and disseminated TB in children Answer : (b)

Athlete's foot (Tinea capitis) is a fungal infection that usually begins between the toes. Tinea capitis is caused by a dermatophyte fungus. causing small patches of itchy, scaly skin. The rickettsiae are a diverse collection of obligately intracellular Gram-negative bacteria found in ticks, lice, fleas, mites, chiggers, and mammals These zoonotic pathogens cause infections that disseminate in the blood to many organs. Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by a yeast (a type of fungus) called Candida. Answer : (a)

TAB vaccine is initially given at the age of 6 years and a booster dose is given at the age of 16 years . Answer : (d)

Vaccines work by eliciting an immune response and consequent immunological memory that mediates protection from infection or disease Answer : (b)

Opium, morphine, codeine, and heroin are all derived from the milky latex found in its unripe seed capsule or Unripe fruit. Answer : (a)

Lymphoma is cancer that begins in infection-fighting cells of the immune system, called lymphocytes. These cells are in the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and other parts of the body. Carcinoma is a malignancy that develops from epithelial cells. Specifically, a carcinoma is a cancer that begins in a tissue that lines the inner or outer surfaces of the body, and that arises from cells originating in the endodermal, mesodermal or ectodermal germ layer during embryogenesis. Sarcoma is a form of cancer. It can affect different types of tissue. Soft tissue sarcomas affect tissues connecting, supporting, or surrounding any of the body’s systems Leukemia is a blood cancer caused by a rise in the number of white blood cells in your body. Answer : (d)

Artificially-acquired passive immunity is an immediate, but short-term immunization provided by the injection of antibodies. Artificially acquired active immunity can be induced by a vaccine, a substance that contains the antigen. Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response. Naturally acquired passive immunity occurs during pregnancy, in which certain antibodies are passed from the maternal blood into the fetal bloodstream in the form of IgG Answer : (c)

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a type of bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. salmonella infections can be classified as stomach flu. Streptococci are gram-positive aerobic organisms that cause many disorders, including pharyngitis, pneumonia, wound and skin infections, sepsis, and endocarditis Pneumococcus is the most common cause of bloodstream infections, pneumonia, meningitis, and middle ear infections in young children Answer : (b)

The fever and chills of malaria are associated with the rupture of erythrocytic-stage schizonts. In severe falciparum malaria, parasitized red cells may obstruct capillaries and postcapillary venules, leading to local hypoxia and the release of toxic cellular products. Answer : (a)

Infection occurs by eating food or drink contaminated with Ascaris eggs from feces. The eggs hatch in the intestines, burrow through the gut wall, and migrate to the lungs via the blood. Answer : (d)

Chemical barriers against infection include enzymes in tears, saliva and mucus that break down the surface of bacteria. Lysozyme is a naturally occurring enzyme found in bodily secretions such as tears, saliva, and milk. It functions as an antimicrobial agent by cleaving the peptidoglycan component of bacterial cell walls, which leads to cell death. Answer : (c)

Insect bites can cause mild symptoms, like itching and swelling around the area. Sometimes they lead to a severe allergic reaction. kinins any of a group of substances formed in body tissue in response to injury. They are polypeptides and cause vasodilation and smooth muscle contraction. Itching is often triggered by histamine, a chemical in the body associated with immune responses. Answer : (b)

AIDS-related complex (ARC) and include fever, rashes, weight loss, and wasting. Opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, neoplasms such as Kaposi's sarcoma, and central nervous system dysfunction are also common complications. Answer : (a)