Gonorrhea is transmitted through sexual contact with the penis, vagina, mouth, or anus of an infected partner. Answer : (d)

Measles is a highly contagious virus that lives in the nose and throat mucus of an infected person. It can spread to others through coughing and sneezing. Also, measles virus can live for up to two hours in an airspace where the infected person coughed or sneezed. Answer : (b)

Cell markers, also known as cell surface antigens, serve as monograms to help identify and classify cells. The majority of them are molecules or antigens within cell's plasma membrane. Unique to different cell types, there exist specific combinations of markers or antigens. Answer : (d)

First symptoms of typhoid may include a high fever, headache, stomach pain, a dry cough, and an overall feeling of weakness and muscle pain. In some cases, a rash with rose-colored patches and delirium can also occur. Answer : (a)

Answer : (d)

Answer : (c)

Answer : (b)

Answer : (d)

The prostaglandins are a group of lipids made at sites of tissue damage or infection that are involved in dealing with injury and illness. They control processes such as inflammation, blood flow, the formation of blood clots and the induction of labour. Histamine is involved in the inflammatory response and has a central role as a mediator of itching. cerumen is technical term for earwax. Mucus is a normal, slippery and stringy fluid substance produced by many lining tissues in the body. Answer : (b)

A birth defect, also known as a congenital disorder Answer : (a)

Histamine is involved in the inflammatory response Histamine is produced by basophils and by mast cells found in nearby connective tissues. Answer : (d)

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) or killer T cells, represent one of several types of cells of the immune system that have the capacity to directly kill other cells. suppressor T cell A type of immune cell that blocks the actions of some other types of lymphocytes, to keep the immune system from becoming over-active. Answer : (c)

A sarcoma is a type of cancer that starts in tissues like bone or muscle. Sarcoma, tumour of connective tissue that is formed from mesodermal, or mesenchymal, cells. Answer : (b)

Interferons are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses. Interferons (IFNs) and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are crucial for appropriate response to pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants in inflammatory response. Answer : (d)

Paludrine contains a medicine called proguanil hydrochloride. This belongs to a group of medicines called 'anti-malarials'. Answer : (d)

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a type of bacterium called Mycobacterium Typhoid fever is caused by a type of bacteria called Salmonella typhi. Polio, or poliomyelitis, is a disabling and life-threatening disease caused by the poliovirus. Diphtheria is a serious infection caused by strains of bacteria called Corynebacterium diphtheriae that make a toxin Answer : (c)

T lymphocytes develop from a common lymphoid progenitor in the bone marrow that also gives rise to B lymphocytes, but those progeny destined to give rise to T cells leave the bone marrow and migrate to the thymus Answer : (c)

Haemophilus influenzae type b causes pneumonia, septicaemia, meningitis, epiglottitis, septic arthritis, cellulitis, otitis media, and purulent pericarditis, as well as less common invasive infections such as endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and peritonitis. a –r Amebiasis is a disease caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica.b- t, Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malignant malaria,.c –p, Wuchereria bancrofti is a human parasitic worm (Filariworm) that is the major cause of lymphatic filariasis.d – q, Typhoid fever is caused by a type of bacteria called Salmonella typhi e – s Answer : (b)

Ascaris are typically large worms (up to about 40 cm long) characterized by a mouth surrounded by three lips, One dorsal and two ventrolateral Answer : (a)

The cells of the immune system can be categorized as lymphocytes (T-cells, B-cells and NK cells), neutrophils, and monocytes/macrophages. These are all types of white blood cells. The major proteins of the immune system are predominantly signaling proteins (often called cytokines), antibodies, and complement proteins. Answer : (d)

In an allergic reaction, mast cells release histamine which triggers allergy symptoms Vasodilation occurs naturally in your body in response to triggers such as low oxygen levels, a decrease in available nutrients, and increases in temperature. It causes the widening of your blood vessels, which in turn increases blood flow and lowers blood pressure. Although vasodilation is a natural process, there are situations in which it can be harmful, such as in severe hypotension, allergic reactions, and strong inflammatory responses. consequence of vasodilation , will increase vascular permeability Vasoconstriction is the narrowing (constriction) of blood vessels by small muscles in their walls. When blood vessels constrict, blood flow is slowed or blocked. Vasoconstriction may be slight or severe. It may result from disease, drugs, or psychological conditions. Accelerated blood clotting was triggered by another disease or condition. Answer : (b)

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Arbovirus is an informal name used to refer to any viruses that are transmitted by arthropod vectors. Option 'a' is correct match Plague is caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis. Option 'b' is correct match The cause of syphilis is a bacterium called Treponema pallidum. Option 'c' is NOT correct match. sleeping sickness is caused by microscopic parasites of the species Trypanosoma brucei. Option 'd' is correct match Answer : (c)

Tetanus is caused by a toxin made by spores of bacteria, Clostridium tetani, found in soil, dust and animal feces. When the spores enter a deep flesh wound, they grow into bacteria that can produce a powerful toxin, tetanospasmin. The type of vaccination for this disease is called artificial active immunity. This type of immunity is generated when a dead or weakened version of the disease enters the body, causing an immune response which includes the production of antibodies Answer : (a)

Attenuated virus: A weakened, less vigorous virus. An attenuated virus may be used to make a vaccine that is capable of stimulating an immune response and creating immunity, but not of causing illness. Answer : (d)

Gametocytes are sexual precursor cells of the malaria parasite that mediate the transmission of the parasite from its mammalian host to the Anopheles mosquito. Answer : (b)

Scientific names for the types of fungi that cause ringworm are Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. Answer : (b)

Wuchereria bancrofti is a human parasitic worm (Filariworm) that is the major cause of lymphatic filariasis. Answer : (a)

Pathophobia is an irrational fear of disease Algophobia or algiophobia is a phobia of pain Mysophobia is a pathological fear of contamination and germs. Haematophobia is an extreme irrational fear of blood Answer : (c)

Acquired immunity is the immunity obtained either from the development of antibodies in response to exposure to an antigen, as from vaccination or an attack of an infectious disease or from the transmission of antibodies, as from mother to fetus through the placenta or the injection of antiserum. Active acquired immunity results from the development of antibodies in response to an antigenic stimulus, as from exposure to an infectious disease or through vaccination. Answer : (b)

Antigen is a toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies. Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins that bind to the body's foreign invaders and signal the immune system to get to work. Carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer. Mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that changes the genetic material, usually DNA, of an organism and thus increases the frequency of mutations above the natural background level. Answer : (a)

Coffee and Tea are Nonalcoholic beverages Answer : (d)

Antibodies bind to specific antigens on pathogens; this binding can inhibit pathogen infectivity by blocking key extracellular sites, such as receptors involved in host cell entry. Antibodies can also induce the innate immune response to destroy a pathogen, by activating phagocytes such as macrophages or neutrophils, which are attracted to antibody-bound cells. Antigen Substance that can induce an immune response Answer : (b)

Mental symptoms of cannabis addiction can include: Problems concentrating or focusing Delayed responsiveness Poor judgement Impaired ability to track the passage of time Indecisiveness Dramatic mood swings Agitation Irritability Paranoia Answer : (a)

Cells involved in immune mechanism are Lymphocytes Lymphocytes are white blood cells that are also one of the body's main types of immune cells. They are made in the bone marrow and found in the blood and lymph tissue. The immune system is a complex network of cells known as immune cells that include lymphocytes. The cells of the immune system can be categorized as lymphocytes (T-cells, B-cells and NK cells), neutrophils, and monocytes/macrophages. These are all types of white blood cells. The major proteins of the immune system are predominantly signaling proteins (often called cytokines), antibodies, and complement proteins. Answer : (b)

Histamine causes many of the symptoms of allergy. Allergy a term is used to describe exaggerated, inappropriate immune responses to usually harmless substances. Answer : (c)

Polio, or poliomyelitis, is a disabling and life-threatening disease caused by the poliovirus. In 2014, India was officially declared polio-free, along with the rest of the South-East Asia Region. Answer : (c)

T lymphocytes develop from a common lymphoid progenitor in the bone marrow that also gives rise to B lymphocytes, but those progeny destined to give rise to T cells leave the bone marrow and migrate to the thymus The Thymus Gland Preprocess the T Lymphocytes. The T lymphocytes, after origination in the bone marrow, first migrate to the thymus gland. Here they dived rapidly and at the same time develop extreme diversity for reacting at the same time develop extreme diversity for reacting against different specific antigens Answer : (b)

Morphine is often given to a person who have undergone surgery as a pain killer. Statement 'a' is correct. Chewing tobacco high blood pressure and heart rate. Statement 'b' is not correct. Cocaine is a natural stimulant. It stimulates nervous system and delays fatigue.Statement 'c' is not correct. Barbiturates are sedative-hypnotics which means they have sleep inducing effects. Statement 'd' is not correct Answer : (a)

Cocaine, the drug goes quickly to the brain. There it stimulates a buildup of a large amount of dopamine, the neurotransmitter that signals a sense of pleasure. This flood of dopamine is what causes the feeling of euphoria that users experience. Answer : (c)

Metastasis is the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer. Answer : (b)

Answer : (c)

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains a suspension of disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened (attenuated) or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system and produces antibodies. Answer : (c)

Passive immunity is the administration of antibodies to an unimmunized person from an immune subject to provide temporary protection against a microbial agent or toxin. Answer : (b)

Paraplegia is a form of paralysis that mostly affects the movement of the lower body. People with paraplegia may be unable to voluntarily move their legs, feet, and sometimes their abdomen. Answer : (b)

Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve Answer : (b)

Robert Koch’s postulates are the four criteria designed to assess whether a microorganism causes a disease. (1) The microorganism must be found in diseased but not healthy individuals; (2) The microorganism must be cultured from the diseased individual; (3) Inoculation of a healthy individual with the cultured microorganism must recapitulated the disease; and finally (4) The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased individual and matched to the original microorganism. Viruses cannot be grown in standard microbiological broths or on agar plates, instead they have be to cultured inside suitable host cells. Answer : (a)

polymorphonuclear leukocyte and Monocytes is a type of white blood cell. Leukocytes (WBCs) and natural killer cells (NK) in the blood are two types of cells that acts as 'cellular barriers' to provide innate immunity in humans. Answer : (b)

Antigens are proteins that are found on the surface of the pathogen. Antigens are unique to that pathogen. These antibodies can be isolated and used as vaccines. Protein antigens are produced using recombinant DNA technology, where the DNA sequence coding for the antigenic protein is inserted into an expression system that is then able to produce large quantities of that specific antigen Answer : (a)

The common cold is a viral infection of the lining of the nose, sinuses, and throat. Pneumonia is a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection of one or both sides of the lungs that causes the air sacs, or alveoli, of the lungs to fill up with fluid or pus. Answer : (d)

Borderline personality disorder shows following symptoms 1. Impulsive and risky behavior, such as having unsafe sex, gambling or binge eating. 2. Unstable or fragile self-image. 3. Unstable and intense relationships. 4. Up and down moods, often as a reaction to interpersonal stress. 5. Suicidal behavior or threats of self-injury. Additive disorder shows Depressed, hopeless or suicidal feelings. Schizophrenia involves a range of problems with thinking (cognition), behavior and emotions. Signs and symptoms may vary, but usually involve delusions, hallucinations or disorganized speech, and reflect an impaired ability to function. The following are the most common symptoms of a mood disorder: 1. Ongoing sad, anxious, or “empty” mood. 2. Feeling hopeless or helpless. 3. Having low self-esteem. 4. Feeling inadequate or worthless. 5. Excessive guilt. Answer : (c)