Diphtheria is a highly contagious and potentially life-threatening bacterial disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Answer : (b)

Carcinoma refers to a malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin or cancer of the internal or external lining of the body. Answer : (a)

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) breaks down alcohol into acetaldehyde. Assertion is wrong statement. Hepatic glucose production derives from glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) and from de novo synthesis of glucose. Reason is wrong statement Answer : (d)

Chronic use of some drugs can lead to both short- and long-term changes in the brain, which can lead to mental health issues including paranoia, depression, anxiety, aggression, hallucinations, and other problems. Answer : (c)

A xenograft a tissue graft or organ transplant from a donor of a different species from the recipient. Answer : (a)

A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell that is part of the immune system. There are two main types of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells. The B cells produce antibodies that are used to attack invading bacteria, viruses, and toxins. Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that fight certain infections and help other white blood cells remove dead or damaged tissues, destroy cancer cells, and regulate immunity against foreign substances. Leucocytes also called White blood cell or white corpuscle Erythrocytes are red blood cells Answer : (c)

Rabies is a zoonotic disease (a disease that is transmitted from animals to humans), caused by the rabies virus, of the Lyssavirus genus, Smallpox was caused by infection with Variola virus, Measles is caused by Rubeola virus Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a type of bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis Answer : (d)

Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, the health of which is vital for good vision. Answer : (b)

Radiation therapy uses high-energy particles or waves, such as x-rays, gamma rays, electron beams, or protons, to destroy or damage cancer cells. Answer : (a)

Answer:(d)

Athletes take amphetamines by mouth before a game, match, or other event. Most amphetamines peak between one to two hours after ingestion but they start to feel the effects within around 30 minutes. This allows them to start playing at normal performance and then move into an enhanced performance. Some athletes spend a considerable amount of time and effort trying to figure out the best time to take the amphetamine. This is to make sure their performance levels do not wane and to make sure the enhancement is undetectable by suddenly performing better. Answer : (d)

All the clinical features of malaria are caused by the erythrocytic schizogony in the blood. The growing parasite progressively consumes and degrades intracellular proteins, principally hemoglobin, resulting in formation of the 'malarial pigment' and hemolysis of the infected red cell. Answer : (b)

Carcinoma is a malignancy that develops from epithelial cells. Specifically, a carcinoma is a cancer that begins in a tissue that lines the inner or outer surfaces of the body, and that arises from cells originating in the endodermal, mesodermal or ectodermal germ layer during embryogenesis. Answer : (c)

Wuchereria bancrofti is a filarial worm found in the lymph nodes of humans causing a lymphatic filariasis called Bancroft's filariasis. Answer : (b)

Lymphatic filariasis is transmitted by different types of mosquitoes for example by the Culex mosquito. Mosquitoes are infected with microfilariae by ingesting blood when biting an infected host. Microfilariae mature into infective larvae within the mosquito. Answer : (a)

T-cells mature in the thymus gland or in the lymph nodes. Answer : (d)

Cervical cancer is caused by sexually acquired infection with certain types of Human papillomavirus (HPV) Answer : (b)

Most of the ethanol in the body is broken down in the liver by an enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), which transforms ethanol into a toxic compound called acetaldehyde (CH3CHO), Answer : (a)

During Erythrocytic cycle stage the merozoites develop to form immature or ring stage trophozoites which then progress to mature trophozoites Infected red blood cells (iRBCs) rupture and release merozoites, together with hemozoin (Hz), into the blood streamn affected RBC's start releasing Merozoites and Hemozoin usually starts with shivering and chills, known as malaria paroxysm. The malaria paroxysm comprises three successive stages. The first is a 15-to-60 minute cold stage characterized by shivering and a feeling of cold. Answer : (d)

Central Nervous System (CNS) depressants are medicines that include sedatives, tranquilizers, and hypnotics. CNS depressants Examples are Alcohol, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, Cannabis, Opioids (class of drugs naturally found in the opium poppy plant) . Answer : (c)

Tumor promotion is a process in carcinogenesis by which various factors permit the descendants of a single initiated cell to survive and expand in number, i.e. to resist apoptosis and to undergo clonal growth. This is a step toward tumor progression. Transcription factors as important control elements of cell growth, differentiation, and programmed cell death. Answer : (c)

Mast cells play a key role in the inflammatory process. Mast cells mediate inflammatory responses such as hypersensitivity and allergic reactions. Answer : (a)

Beer is brewed from cereal grains—most commonly from malted barley Answer : (c)

Narcotics are strong drugs that are sometimes used to treat pain. They are also called opioids. Codeine, Fentanyl, Hydrocodone, Methadone, Morphine, Oxycodone, Oxymorphone, Tapentadol. Heroin is an opioid drug made from morphine Answer : (b)

Hashish and Ganja are hallucinogens obtained from Cannabis sativa (Hemp plant). Answer : (d)

The innate immune system is the first line of host defense against invading microorganisms. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs or neutrophils) are the most abundant leukocyte in humans and essential to the innate immune response against invading pathogens Answer : (a)

Immune system reacts Vaccine by produing antibodies will break down, but immune cells called memory cells remain in the body. Answer : (b)

Common symptoms of anxiety disorder are Panic, fear, and uneasiness. Anxiety disorders can also make it hard to breathe, sleep, stay still, and concentrate. Answer : (c)

Leukemia is a blood cancer caused by a rise in the number of white blood cells Answer : (b)

AIDS is due to Reduction in number of killer T-cells. HIV can simply “turn off” fully functional T cells by flipping a molecular switch on the cells. Answer : (a)

Non-specific-action immunomodulators are used to stimulate or suppress the immune response, without directing the activity of stimulated cells to a specific antigen. Answer : (c)

The spleen, which often becomes enlarged in malaria, is the main organ that generates the immune response to the malaria parasite and controls the removal of red blood cells that have been infected Spleen becomes enlarged during malaria because of filtering out of excessive destroyed RBC after the hemolysis and occurs not only during malaria, during many infectious/non infecious diseases following with the RBC hemolysis Answer : (b)

Zidovudine (ZDV), also known as azidothymidine (AZT), is an antiretroviral medication used to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS. Answer : (b)

Classical diphtheria of the upper respiratory tract, which is transmitted by breathing or coughing, is characterized by a thick pseudomembrane, which forms as a result of cell damage and fibrin deposition. In severe cases, obstruction of airways results in suffocation and death. Answer : (a)

Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response.a –s, Artificially-acquired passive immunity is an immediate but short-term immunization. b –r, Active artificially acquired immunity refers to any immunization with an antigen. By giving a safe form of the antigen artificially or Induced vaccination, c-t , Naturally acquired passive immunity provides some protection for the child for a short time after birth d – q Answer : (d)

Serology is the scientific study or diagnostic examination of blood serum, especially with regard to the response of the immune system to pathogens or introduced substances or Study of interaction of antigen and antibody in blood Answer : (b)

Amphetamines are synthetic chemicals based upon a structure closely resembling that of adrenaline and norepiniphrine. Answer : (a)

Lymphatic filariasis is caused by the worms Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. Wuchereria bancrofti Phylum: Nematoda also known as Aschelminthes,Aeschelminthes, Nemathelminthes Answer : (b)

Shock organ an organ or part that is the principal site of an allergic reaction. T cells responsible contribute to allergic reactions. Spleen's white pulp tissue consists of immune cells (T cells and B cells) and helps the immune system fight infection. Answer : (a)

The cause of syphilis is a bacterium called Treponema pallidum. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, while African Trypanosomiasis, also known as “sleeping sickness”, is caused by microscopic parasites of the species Trypanosoma brucei. Option 'a' is not correct pair. Gonorrhea is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Opton 'b' is not correct pair. HIV infection is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus. Opton 'c' is not correct pair Answer : (d)

Breast cancer is now the most common cancer among women in India, accounting for 27% of all cancers among women. Answer : (c)

T cells originate in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus. In the thymus, T cells multiply and differentiate into helper, regulatory, or cytotoxic T cells or become memory T cells. Answer : (b)

Signs and symptoms of nonallergic rhinitis may include: Stuffy nose, Runny nose, Sneezing, Mucus (phlegm) in the throat (postnasal drip) Cough. Answer : (a)

Diphtheria signs and symptoms A thick, gray membrane covering throat and tonsils. Answer : (d)

Papaver somniferum (Opium) contains a class of naturally occurring alkaloids known as opiates, that include morphine, codeine, thebaine, oripavine, papaverine and noscapine Answer : (c)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast species) It ferments the sugars, coming from different sources, e.g., grapes for wine, barley for beer, to alcohol and carbon dioxide. Answer : (b)

An epitope, also known as antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, An epitope is the part of the antigen that binds to a specific antigen receptor on the surface of a B cell The paratope is the part of an antibody which recognizes an antigen, the antigen-binding site of an antibody. A paratope is the region of antibody that recognizes and binds to the epitope of any antigen. Answer : (d)

Pentavalent (DPT + Hep B + Hib),polio vaccine (OPV) is one dose at each of the following ages: 2 months old, 4 months old, 6 through 18 months old, and 4 through 6 years old. BCG vaccine is given when the baby is one week old. Hepatitis B vaccine should be given around 6 months of age. MMR vaccine is given at the age of 12 months. Answer : (c)

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Mumps is a viral illness caused by a paramyxovirus. Measles is caused by Rubeola virus Chickenpox is an infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus. Polio, or poliomyelitis, is a disabling and life-threatening disease caused by the poliovirus. The flu is caused by influenza viruses Rabies is a zoonotic disease (a disease that is transmitted from animals to humans), caused by the rabies virus, of the Lyssavirus genus. Answer : (c)

Ergot alkaloids are compounds derived from the parasitic fungus Claviceps purpurea, which grows on rye as well as other grains. Answer : (b)