The endoderm of the archenteron will fuse with the ectoderm of the blastocoel wall. At this point gastrulation is complete, and the gastrula has a functional digestive tube. Answer : (c)

If the egg does not become fertilized, the lining of the uterus endometrium is shed during menstruation. Match ‘a’ is not correct match. During the follicular phase - LH and FSH attain peak level, sharp fall in secretion of progesterone. Match ‘b’ is not correct match. The development of the corpus luteum is accompanied by an increase in the level of Pregnenolone is then converted to progesterone that is secreted out of the cell and into the blood stream. Match ‘c’ is correct match. During Proliferative Phase one of these egg cells begins to mature in a sac-like-structure called follicle. Match ‘d’ is not correct match. Answer : (c)

Capacitation is the phenomenon of physiological maturation of sperms by breaking of acrosome membrane inside the female genital tract Answer : (d)

Oxytocin is released into the bloodstream as a hormone in response to stretching of the cervix and uterus during labor and with stimulation of the nipples from breastfeeding. This helps with birth, bonding with the baby, and milk production. Answer : (b)

Answer : (b)

Estrogen is secreted from the theca interna and granulosa cells of graafian follicle of ovary. Interstitial cells, adrenal cortex, tes­tis and placenta Answer : (b)

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is a tropic peptide hormone synthesized and released from GnRH neurons within the hypothalamus. Answer : (d)

Hyaluronidases are a family of enzymes that catalyse the degradation of hyaluronic acid, which are present in sperm, the testes, and other organs Answer : (c)

Gestation period is duration of between fertilization and parturition Answer : (c)

Termination of pregnancy through medicine (MTP) is an effective and safe method for very early pregnancies. Statement ‘a’ is correct. As long as the mother breast-feeds the child fully, chances of conception are almost nil. However, this method has been reported to be effective only upto a maximum period of six months following parturition. Statement ‘b’ is incorrect. One of the most effective forms of birth control are the intrauterine devices (IUDs). These are very small devices, made of plastic or copper and shaped like a ’T’ that are inserted into the uterus. Statement ‘c’ is correct. Most commonly-taken packs contain 21 tablets - one to be taken each day for three weeks. Statement ‘d’ is incorrect Answer : (a)

The ampulla is typically where the sperm are met and fertilization occurs; meiosis II is promptly completed. Answer : (c)

Answer : (b)

The secretion of the seminal vesicles constitutes the bulk of the seminal fluid (semen). It is a thick fluid that contains the sugar fructose, proteins, citric acid, inorganic phosphorus, potassium, and prostaglandins. Once this fluid joins the sperm in the ejaculatory duct, fructose acts as the main energy source for the sperm outside the body. Answer : (d)

The umbilical cord containscontains one vein, which carries oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood to the fetus, and two arteries that carry deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood away The number of major vessels that run the length of the umbilical cord vary in these two portions. The amniotic portion of the cord contains two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein whereas the allantoic portion has two arteries and two veins. Answer : (d)

Answer : (a)

The signals for parturition originate from the fully developed fetus and the placenta which induce mild uterine contractions called foetal ejection reflex. This triggers release of oxytocin (birth hormone) from the maternal pituitary gland Answer : (d)

The placenta is a large organ that develops during pregnancy. It is attached to the wall of the uterus, usually at the top or side. The umbilical cord connects the placenta to baby. Blood from the mother passes through the placenta, filtering oxygen, glucose and other nutrients to your baby via the umbilical cord. Answer : (c)

The epididymis is an organ found in the male reproductive tract of vertebrate species practicing internal fertilization. It is located between the vas efferens leaving the testis and the vas deferens. Answer : (b)

The formation of the corpus luteum (which produces the majority of progesterone) is triggered by a surge in luteinising hormone production by the anterior pituitary gland. This normally occurs at approximately day 14 of the menstrual cycle and it stimulates the release of an egg from the ovary and the formation of the corpus luteum. Answer : (b)

There is no growth of daughter cells during Cleavage. Answer : (b)

In non-primate mammals like cows, sheep, deer, dog, tiger, etc., such cyclical changes during reproduction are called oestrus cycle. It is a 21-day cycle which is marked by the recurring appearance of oestrus or heat. This is when ovulation occurs Answer : (a)

Progesterone is a hormone released by the corpus luteum in the ovary. It plays important roles in the menstrual cycle and in maintaining the early stages of pregnancy. Answer : (b)

The sperm lysins in the acrosome dissolve the egg envelope facilitating fertilization Acrosome serves as a sensory structure leading the sperm towards the ovum. Option ‘a’ is correct about human sperm and Option ‘c’ is NOT correct about human sperm Sperm chemotaxis is a form of sperm guidance, in which sperm cells (spermatozoa) follow a concentration gradient of a chemo attractant secreted from the oocyte and thereby reach the oocyte. Option ‘b’ is NOT correct about human sperm Acrosome has a cap-like structure Option ‘d’ is NOT correct about human sperm Answer : (a)

Progesterone withdrawal or sharp decline in circulating progesterone levels due to corpus luteum demise is the trigger for menstruation in women Answer : (d)

The ooplasmic organelles (yolk of the ovum) were mainly represented by mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum components, and Golgi elements. Small vesicles were found in the space between the two sheets of the pronuclear envelop. It do not contain Centrosome Answer : (c)

The greater vestibular glands (Bartholini) are paired glands that form in the course of the 12th week from the endoderm of the urogenital sinus. The outflow canals empty sideways in the vaginal vestibule. They correspond to the bulbourethral gland (Cowper) in males. The lesser vestibular glands (Skene) or paraurethral glands also form from epithelial buds (endoderm) of the SUG and grow into the neighboring mesenchyma. They are distributed over the whole vaginal vestibule and In males - correspond to the prostate. Answer : (b)

Spermatogenesis is the formation of sperm from a germ cell. Four spermatozoa are produced from a Primary spermatocyte therefore 16 spermatozoa will be formed from four primary spermatocytes. Answer : (c)

Amniotic fluid protects the developing baby by cushioning against blows to the mother's abdomen, allowing for easier fetal movement and promoting muscular/skeletal development. Amniotic fluid swallowed by the fetus helps in the formation of the gastrointestinal tract. It also prevents the fetus from mechanical jerks and shocks. Answer : (a)

Answer : (d)

The first stage is the penetration of corona radiata, by releasing hyaluronidase from the acrosome to digest cumulus cells surrounding the oocyte and exposing acrosin attached to the inner membrane of the sperm. It is necessary for the acrosome reaction to occur before the sperm cell reaches the zona pellucida. a = i The corpus luteum secretes progesterone, which is a steroid hormone responsible for the decidualization of the endometrium (its development) and maintenance, respectively. It also produces relaxin, a hormone responsible for softening of the pubic symphysis which helps in parturition. b = iii Morphogenesis is the biological process that causes a cell, tissue or organism to develop its shape. c= ii Sperm capacitation refers to the physiological changes spermatozoa must undergo in order to have the ability to penetrate and fertilize an egg. d=v Colostrum is the first form of milk produced by the mammary glands of mammals. e= iv Answer : (b)