Answer : (b)

Answer : (c)

Answer : (d)

Answer : (d)

Answer : (a)

Answer : (b)

Answer : (d)

Answer : (c)

Bt cotton variety that was developed by the introduction of toxin gene of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is resistant to Bollworm. Bolloworm is insect pest. Answer : (c)

Culture fisheries is the cultivation of selected fishes in confined areas with utmost care to get maximum yield. India's breeding and culture technologies include primarily different species of carp, including the important Indian major carp species (notably catla, mrigal and rohu); other species such as catfish, murrel and prawns are recent additions. Answer : (b)

Cross-breeding: In this method, superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed. Cross-breeding allows the desirable qualities of two different breeds to be combined. The progeny hybrid animals may themselves be used for commercial production. Many new animal breeds have been developed by this approach. Hisardale is a new breed of sheep developed in Punjab by crossing Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams. Answer : (b)

Two advantages of inbreeding are: (i) Superior quality of breed of organisms is obtained. (ii) Pure lines can be developed Disadvantages of inbreeding is(i)it increases the risk of disorders caused by recessive genes. (ii) Inbreeding leads to lower production. Answer : (c)

Anthropogenic effects, processes, objects, or materials are those that are derived from human activities, as opposed to those occurring in natural environments without human influences. Darwin finches are result of natural selection. Other option are derived from human activities. Answer : (a)

Root-knot nematodes are plant-parasitic nematodes from the genus Meloidogyne. Vegetable crops (Brinjal) grown in warm climates can experience severe losses from root-knot nematodes, and are often routinely treated with a chemical nematicide. Ear-cockle is caused by the nematode Anguina tritici. Its occurrence has been reported from all major wheat growing regions of the country. Red stipe disease occurs in sugracane. It is caused by Pseudomonas rubrilineans. Fusarium wilt of pigeon pea is both a soil-borne and seed-borne disease in which the infection level of untreated seeds may range from 13% to 19%. Answer : (a)

Nicotine, strychnine and caffeine are alkaloids. These secondary metabolites are produced for defending the plants from herbivores. Answer : (a)

The first isolation of protoplasts was achieved by Klercker (1892) employing a mechanical method. But the real beginning in protoplast research was made in 1960 by Cocking who used an enzymatic method for the isolation of protoplast. Answer : (d)

Cast nets are one of the oldest and most efficient ways to catch large amounts of small- to medium-sized fish. They are used to catch all types of fishes. Answer : (d)

Plant breeding is the science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics. It has been used to improve the quality of nutrition in products for humans and animals. Two Methods of Plant Breeding Selection. Selection is the most ancient and basic procedure in plant breeding. Hybridization. The most frequently employed plant breeding technique is hybridization Answer : (a)

Artificial hybridization of radish (Raphanus) and cabbage (Brassica) (both 2N = 18) produces a sterile first-generation hybrid with one diploid chromosome set from either parent. Tetraploidization eventually produces a stable, true-breeding hybrid (Raphanobrassica). (Unfortunately, the hybrid combines the root of a cabbage with the flower head of a radish, rather than the desired reverse!) Answer : (c)

The anther culture is used to produce haploids because anthers contain haploid microspores or pollen grains which can be used to generate new plants. These haploids are called androgenic haploids because they have been developed from male gamete producing spore, i.e., pollen grain or microspore. Answer : (a)

Bioenergy is one of many diverse resources available to help meet our demand for energy. It is a form of renewable energy that is derived from recently living organic materials known as biomass, which can be used to produce transportation fuels, heat, electricity, and products. Answer : (c)

Somatic fusion, also called protoplast fusion, is a type of genetic modification in plants by which two distinct species of plants are fused together to form a new hybrid plant with the characteristics of both, Most commonly, protoplasts are used and the fusion medium is polyethylene glycol. Somatic cell fusion or Hybrid cells can be produced by fusing different types of somatic cells from two different tissues or species in a cell culture. chemical compound known as polyethylene glycol (PEG) increases the somatic cell fusion by 100 to 1000 times. Answer : (d)

Hypophysation is a technique whereby ripe fish brooders are stimulated by pituitary hormone introduction to spawn (breed) in captive condition. Injected pituitary gland extract bypasses the brain-pituitary lin , acting directly on the ovaries and testes, providing the surge in blood GtH levels that normally precede spawning (breeding). Answer : (b)

Bovine somatotropin (BST) is a protein hormone produced in the pituitary gland and has been shown to increase the milk yield in lactating cows by preventing mammary cell death in dairy cattle. Answer : (c)

Haploid production occurs through anther or pollen culture, and they are referred to as androgenic haploids. 2. Gynogenesis: Ovary or ovule culture that results in the production of haploids, known as gynogenic haploids. In androgenesis, the male gametophyte (microspore or immature pollen) produces haploid plant. The basic principle is to stop the development of pollen cell into a gamete (sex cell) and force it to develop into a haploid plant. This process inhibits typical gametophytic differentiation and instead allows cell division and regeneration to occur Thus produces genotype consisting of two identical alleles at a given locus,produce Homozygous dipoles Answer : (d)

Jatropha oil is produced from the seeds of the Jatropha curcas, a plant that can grow in wastelands across India, and the oil is considered to be an excellent source of bio-diesel. Answer : (c)

Haploids are preferred over diploids for mutation study because in haploids recessive mutation is easier. Most of the induced mutations are recessive and these have to be in double to be expressed phenotypically. Answer : (a)

Between 2006 and 2008, Brazil was considered to have the world's first "sustainable" biofuels economy and the biofuel industry leader, a policy model for other countries; and its sugarcane ethanol "the most successful alternative fuel to date." Brazil was until recently the largest producer of alcohol fuel in the world, typically fermenting ethanol from sugarcane Answer : (c)

Plant tissue culture media are generally sterilized by autoclaving at 121 °C and 1.05 kg/cm2 (15-20 psi). The time required for sterilization depends upon the volume of medium in the vessel which generally ranges from 15 minutes to 60 minutes. Answer : (c)

mature Mrigal fish are bottom dwellers Catla is a surface and midwater feeder. Answer : (a)