The success rate of crossing mature male and female animals is fairly low even though artificial insemination is carried out. To improve chances of successful production of hybrids, other means are also used. Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology (MOET) is one such programme for herd improvement. In this method, a cow is administered hormones, with FSH-like activity, to induce follicular maturation and super ovulation – instead of one egg, which they normally yield per cycle, they produce 6-8 eggs. The fertilised eggs at 8–32 cells stages, are recovered non-surgically and transferred to surrogate mothers. The genetic mother is available for another round of super ovulation. Assertion and reason both are true, but reason don't produce explanation for assertion statement. Answer : (b)

Induced breeding is a scientific approach to the modern fish breeding (pisciculture) procedure whereby ripen brood fishes are stimulated to release the eggs by pituitary hormone or any other synthetic hormone to breed in captive condition. Answer : (a)

Close breeding : This is most intensive breeding where animals are very closely related and can be traced back to more than one common ancestor. Out-crossing: This is the practice of mating of animals within the same breed, but having no common ancestors on either side of their pedigree up to 4-6 generations. Cross-breeding: In this method, superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed. Answer : (c)

Euphorbiaceae is convert to latex because it is used in production of medicines and horticulture purpose, which involves in the benefits of human welfare. Euphorbiaceae, the spurge family, comprises some 7,500 species and 275 genera of flowering plants distributed primarily in the tropics. Hevea brasiliensis, most commonly, the rubber tree or rubber plant, is a tree belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. Many species contain milky latex, and some are useful as a source of oil or wax. Malvaceae, or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants. Well-known members of economic importance include okra, cotton, cacao and durian. Asteraceae or Compositae (commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite,[4] or sunflower family) is a very large and widespread family of flowering plants Sterculiaceae was a family of flowering plants: based on the genus Sterculia. Genera are now placed in the family Malvaceae Answer : (a)

Somaclonal variation is the variation seen in plants that have been produced by plant tissue culture. Somaclonal variation is always associated with chromosomal variations, which have been generally found in long-term callus, cell suspension culture, and plants regenerated from such cultures. This varaition is causes due to mutation in in-vitro condition. Assertion is true and reason is false. Answer : (c)

In intravarietal hybridization, crosses are made between plants of the same variety. Answer : (d)

Pusa swarnim, a variety of Brassica is resistant to White rust. Answer : (b)

Murashige and Skoog medium (or MSO or MS0 (MS-zero)) is a plant growth medium used in the laboratories for cultivation of plant cell culture. Answer : (b)

Answer : (d)

In tobacco callus, higher concentration of cytokinin and lower concentration of auxin helps in shoot formation and shoot differentiation. While lower concentration of cytokinin and higher concentration of auxin helps in root formation and root differentiation. Answer : (b)

The Asil or Aseel is an Indian breed or group of breeds of game chicken. The Minorca, Catalan: Gallina de Menorca, Spanish: Menorquina, is a breed of domestic chicken originating in the Mediterranean island of Menorca, in the Balearic Islands to the south-east of Spain. The Australorp is a chicken breed of Australian origin, developed as a utility breed with a focus on egg laying and is famous for laying more than 300 eggs. The Rhode Island Red is an American breed of domestic chicken. Answer : (d)

Ethanol can be mixed with gasoline to form different blends. As the ethanol molecule contains oxygen, it allows the engine to more completely combust the fuel, resulting in fewer emissions and thereby reducing the occurrence of environmental pollution. The government of India has mandated blending of 5% of ethanol in petrol in order to reduce vehicle exhaust emissions and also to reduce the import burden on account of crude petroleum from which petrol is produced. Answer : (a)

Heterosis may be defined as the superiority of an F1, hybrid over both its parents in terms of yield or some other character. Heterosis, or hybrid vigour, describes the superior performance of heterozygous hybrid individuals compared with their homozygous parental inbred lines Answer : (b)

Emasculation is the process of removing anthers from bisexual flowers without affecting the female reproductive part (pistil), which is used in various plant hybridization techniques. Answer : (b)

For hybridization, in self-fertilizing plants, the anthers need to be removed before maturity. The process of removal of anthers is called emasculation and stigma is protected against any pollen by covering it with a bag (bagging). Answer : (b)

Dry fermentation technology (Solid state fermentation) was developed for the production of energy and manure from agricultural residues and kitchen wastes. Unlike the conventional biogas plant, the technology can accommodate all types of fibrous organic wastes as alternate and supplemental feedstock to cow dung for the production of biogas. The KVIC model of biogas plant has also been modified at IARI. Answer : (c)

Necrosis, death of a circumscribed area of plant or animal tissue as a result of disease or injury. Cultures are considered to be “senescent” (at the end of their replicative lifespan) when they are unable to complete one population doubling during a 4-week period. Both of these can be overcomed with subculture. A subculture is either a new cell culture or a microbiological culture made by transferring some or all cells from a previous culture to fresh growth medium. This action is called subculturing or passaging the cells. Subculture is used to prolong the life and/or expand the number of cells or microorganisms in the culture. Answer : (d)

In 2000, maize hybrids that had twice the amount of the amino acids, lysine and tryptophan, compared to existing maize hybrids were developed. Answer : (b)

The Holstein-Friesian has the highest milk production of all breeds worldwide. Answer : (d)

Colchicine is an important mutagen that works by preventing the microtubules formation and doubles the number of chromosomes. As microtubules function in chromosome segregation, colchicine induces polyploidy by preventing the segregation of chromosomes during meiosis that results into half of the gametes (sex cells) containing double the chromosome number than usual. It is commonly used to develop polyploid plants and functions as a mitotic poison by producing many mutagenic effects on plants. Answer : (b)

Somatic fusion, also called protoplast fusion, is a type of genetic modification in plants by which two distinct species of plants are fused together to form a new hybrid plant with the characteristics of both, a somatic hybrid. The somatic fusion process occurs in four steps: 1) The removal of the cell wall using cellulase enzyme to produce a somatic cell called a protoplast. 2) The cells are then fused using electric shock (electrofusion) or chemical treatment to join the cells and fuse together the nuclei. The resulting fused nucleus is called heterokaryon. 3) The formation of the cell wall is then induced using hormones. 4) The cells are then grown into calluses which then are further grown to plantlets and finally to a full plant, known as a somatic hybrid. Answer : (b)

The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) is the world's premier research organization dedicated to reducing poverty and hunger through rice science; improving the health and welfare of rice farmers and consumers; and protecting the rice-growing environment for future generations. The institute, headquartered in Los Baños, Philippines, has offices in 17 rice-growing countries in Asia and Africa, and more than 1,000 staff. Answer : (b)

The Orpington is a British breed of chicken. It was bred in the late nineteenth century by William Cook of Orpington, Kent, in south-east England. The Minorca, Catalan: Gallina de Menorca, Spanish: Menorquina, is a breed of domestic chicken originating in the Mediterranean island of Menorca, in the Balearic Islands to the south-east of Spain. The Sussex is a British breed of dual-purpose chicken, reared both for its meat and for its eggs. The Australorp is a chicken breed of Australian origin, developed as a utility breed with a focus on egg laying and is famous for laying more than 300 eggs. The original stock used in the development of the Australorp was imported to Australia from England out of the Black Orpington yards of William Cook Answer : (b)

Cybrids are cells or plants containing nucleus of one species but cytoplasm from both the parental species. Answer : (b)

The Green Revolution was a period that began in the 1960s during which agriculture in India was converted into a modern industrial system by the adoption of technology, such as the use of high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, mechanised farm tools, irrigation facilities, pesticides and fertilizers. Answer : (b)

To develop a new variety, scientists first select parents that are predicted to yield progeny with the desired characteristics. Crosses are made between selected parents by obtaining pollen from the stamens of the male parent to fertilize the ovules of the female parent (hybridisation). The ovules develop into true seeds. Answer : (a)

"Hardening" refers to the preparation of the plants for a natural growth environment. Until this stage, the plantlets have been grown in "ideal" conditions, designed to encourage rapid growth. Due to the controlled nature of their maturation, the plantlets often do not have fully functional dermal coverings. Hardening for Tissue culture plants is essential because it allows the invitro plants which is grown under controlled condition to adapt to the new external environment. It is the last stage. Answer : (c)

Jaffarabadi is one of the heaviest buffalo breeds and is a native of Saurashtra region of Gujarat around Gir forest. The Murrah buffalo is a breed of water buffalo mainly kept for milk production. It originates in Haryana and Punjab of India. Mehsana are a breed of water buffalo from the state of Gujarat, India. Mixture of murrah and surti blood. Answer : (b)

The Exarch condition of xylem is present in which the metaxylem lies towards the centre and the protoxylem towards the periphery. This condition is found in the roots of the plants. Imbricate aestivation is the type of flower in which there is one sepal or petal that is overlapped with internal of both margins. The examples for Imbricate aestivation gulmohar and cassia. At night in some plants, root pressure causes guttation or exudation of drops of xylem sap from the tips or edges of leaves. Above are correct. Puccinia is a genus of fungi. All species in this genus are obligate plant pathogens and are known as rusts. Smut are mostly Ustilaginomycetes and can cause plant disease. Answer : (c)

Lymphoid leukosis is a neoplastic disease of poultry caused by avian leukosis virus. The disease is characterized by B-cell lymphoma, occurring in chickens approximately 16 weeks of age and older. Answer : (b)