Wood fuel (or fuelwood) is a fuel such as firewood, charcoal, chips, sheets, pellets, and sawdust. Wood comes from trees, trees are made of it. And trees are easy to grow. All you need is fertile ground, water, and sunlight. Therefore it is a renewable resource. Answer : (a)

Root knot disease is caused by microscopic, parasitic, soil-inhabiting nematodes, otherwise known as eelworms, of the genus Meloidogyne. These nematodes burrow into the soft tissues of root tips and young roots, and cause the nearby root cells to divide and enlarge. Answer : (b)

Anther Culture. A plant culturing technique in which immature pollen is made to divide and grow into tissue (either callus or embryonic tissue) in either a liquid medium or on solid media. Anther culture seems to be an excellent method for breeding interval abbreviation commonly. It has been developed progressively since the 1960s in different plant species. Guha and Maheswari (1964) reported production of Datura haploid plants by culturing anthers. Answer : (b)

T. aestivum (2n = 6x = 42; AABBDD genome) is an allohexaploid that was formed through hybridization and successive chromosome doubling of three diploid Triticum/Aegilops species. Answer : (b)

Emasculation is the process of removal of anthers in bisexual flowers to prevent self-pollination. Answer : (c)

Ring rot of potatoes is caused by the bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis. Downy mildew is caused by the fungus Plasmopara viticola. Tikka disease is caused by fungus belonging to genus cercospora. Colletotrichum falcatum, a concealed fungal ascomycete causes red rot, which is a serious disease in sugarcane. Answer : (c)

Tissue culture is seen as an important technology for developing countries for the production of disease-free, high quality planting material and the rapid production of many uniform plants. Answer : (d)

The pyrolysis process is the thermal decomposition of materials at elevated temperatures in an inert atmosphere. It involves a change of chemical composition. The word is coined from the Greek-derived elements pyro "fire", "heat", "fever" and lysis "separating". Answer : (c)

Plant callus (plural calluses or calli) is a growing mass of unorganized plant parenchyma cells. In living plants, callus cells are those cells that cover a plant wound. In biological research and biotechnology callus formation is induced from plant tissue samples (explants) after surface sterilization and plating onto tissue culture medium in vitro (in a closed culture vessel such as a Petri dish). The culture medium is supplemented with plant growth regulators, such as auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin, to initiate callus formation or somatic embryogenesis. Callus initiation has been described for all major groups of land plants. Answer : (a)

Removing the moisture from food helps prevent bacterial and fungal growth which would ruin stored foods. Smoking is a method of drying that also imparts flavor to the food (usually meat items), and smoke helps keep bacteria-carrying-insects away during the drying process. This technique is used for preservation of fishes. Answer : (a)

Domesticated cattle (oxen or bullocks) are usually classified into two major groups, zebu (Bos indicus) and European (Bos taurus) cattle. Answer : (a)

Infectious coryza is a serious bacterial disease of chickens, which affects respiratory system, and it is manifested by inflammation of the area below the eye, nasal discharge, and sneezing. Newcastle disease is an infection of domestic poultry and other bird species with virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Fowl cholera ( Pasteurellosis) is a contagious, bacterial disease of birds caused by Pasteurella multocida. Salmonellosis in poultry is caused by Gram-negative bacteria from the genus Salmonella. Answer : (b)

Pyrolysis: Wood that is subject to rapid thermal decomposition in the absence of oxygen is known as pyrolysis. This process produces bio-oil liquids, gases, and char. Pyroligneous acid (PA) is a complex highly oxygenated aqueous liquid fraction obtained by the condensation of pyrolysis vapors. Answer : (d)

Plant hormones induces the growth and development in plants. Differential concentration of auxin and cytokinin regulates morphogenesis. So, callus tissue can be regenerated into plantelets by altering concentration of hormones. Answer : (a)

The seed from selected plants is bulked for the next generation. This method is used to improve the overall population by positive or negative mass selection. Mass selection is only applied to a limited degree in self-fertilizing plants and is an effective method for the improvement of land races. Answer : (c)

The terminator gene is a specific genetic sequence that terminates germnination of seed and thus makes it sterile. Terminator seeds contain a repressor gene that kills the embryo in any seed that a genetically modified plant protected by terminator technology produces. Answer : (b)

Latex is a stable dispersion (emulsion) of polymer microparticles in water. Latexes are found in nature, but synthetic latexes are common as well. Latex are classified on basis of chemical composition. The cells (laticifers) in which latex is found make up the laticiferous system, which can form in two very different ways. In many plants, the laticiferous system is formed from rows of cells laid down in the meristem of the stem or root. In the milkweed and spurge families, on the other hand, the laticiferous system is formed quite differently. Early in the development of the seedling, latex cells differentiate, and as the plant grows these latex cells grow into a branching system extending throughout the plant. Latex can also be classified on basis of morphological trait. Answer : (c)

Heterosis, hybrid vigor, or outbreeding enhancement is the improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring. Hybid vigour can reduce in following generation in sexual repoduction. Vegetative reproduction is the process of multiplication in a small part or portion of the plant body which functions as a propagule and develops into a new individual. Thus, vegetative reproduction does not involve meiosis; hence, recombination and no loss of heterozygosity. Answer : (d)

Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations. Inbreeding increases homozygosity. Inbreeding exposes harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection. It also helps in accumulation of superior genes and elimination of less desirable genes. Therefore, this approach, where there is selection at each step, increases the productivity of inbred population. However, continued inbreeding, especially close inbreeding, usually reduces fertility and even productivity. This is called inbreeding depression. Assertion and reason are true but assertion is pros of inbreeding and reason is cons of inbreeding. Thus reason is not correct explanation of assertion. Answer : (b)

Answer : (a)

Answer : (d)

Ranikhet disease or popularly known as Newcastle disease in West is an infection of domestic poultry and other bird species. Ranikhet Disease is caused by a family of viruses known as Paramyxovirus. Statement a and b are correct. Answer : (a)

Removal of stamens or anthers or killing the pollen of a flower without the female reproductive organ is known as emasculation. Answer : (d)

Rice is a Kharif crop. It covers one-third of the total cultivated area of India. It provides food to more than half of the Indian population. Rice is produced in almost all states. Answer : (b)

Heterosis, hybrid vigor, or outbreeding enhancement is the improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring. Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations. Inbreeding increases homozygosity. Inbreeding in a normal population leads to the offspring getting worse, less fit, less fertile and usually not living as long as the parents. Answer : (a)

Scirpophaga incertulas, the yellow stem borer or rice yellow stem borer, is a species of moth of the family Crambidae. The larvae feed on Oryza sativa. They bore the stem of their host plant. After hatching, early instars bore into the leaf sheath and causing longitudinal yellowish-white patches as a result of feeding. Then it invades the stem of the rice plant and stays in the pith to feed on the inner surface of the stem wall. Polyphagous pests are those which feed on plants belonging to diverse taxonomic groups. It only feed on rice and hence it is not polyphagus pest. Answer : (b)

Late blight caused by the fungus Phytophthora infestans is the most important disease of potato that can result into crop failures in a short period if appropriate control measures are not adopted. Citrus canker is a citrus disease caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri. Root-knot of brinjal is caused by parasitic nematodes from the genus Meloidogyne. Seed gall in pigeon pea is caused by Colletotrichum cajani. Answer : (c)

Explant- Transfer (living cells, tissues, or organs) from animals or plants to a nutrient medium. A high ratio of cytokinin to auxin favours shoot production, whereas a high auxin to cytokinin ratio favours root production. Intermediate levels of both hormones enhance callus formation. Anther culture: This is a technique by which immature pollen is made to divide and grow into tissue (either callus or embryonic tissue), primarily to produce haploids. Callus is defined as a group of cells derived from competent source tissue that is cultured under in vitro conditions to form an undifferentiated mass of cells. Answer : (b)

Haploid plants, are always pure because they possess only one set of chromosomes. So, the mutations are expressed very easily in haploid plants as compared to diploid plants. Answer : (b)

Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for 4- 6 generations. A similar strategy is used for developing purelines in cattle as was used in case of peas. The F1 hybrid of crosses between different genotypes is often much more vigorous than its parents. This hybrid vigour, or heterosis, can be manifested in many ways, including increased rate of growth, greater uniformity, earlier flowering, and increased yield, the last being of greatest importance in agriculture. Answer : (b)