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These are fixed joints where bones are united by a layer of white fibrous tissue of varying thickness. In the skull the joints between the bones are called sutures. Such immovable joints are also referred to as synarthroses. Answer : (d)

option (b) Not correct because :Causes of high creatinine levels include intrinsic renal disease, urinary tract obstruction, and reduced renal blood flow from congestive heart failure, shock or dehydration. option (c) Not correct because : Causes of Muscle collapse is lack of physical activity for an extended period of time. option (a) is correct because: Lack of oxygen, increase the carbon dioxide levels in your blood, causing your muscles to become weaker Answer : (a)

Tetany: A condition that is due usually to low blood calcium (hypocalcemia) and is characterized by spasms of the hands and feet, cramps, spasm of the voice box (larynx), and overactive neurological reflexes. Tetany is generally considered to result from very low calcium levels in the blood. Muscular dystrophy is a group of diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass.In muscular dystrophy, abnormal genes (mutations) interfere with the production of proteins needed to form healthy muscle.These mutations are also called germline mutations because they are present in the parent's egg or sperm cells, which are also called germ cells. Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune, neuromuscular disease that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles. Myasthenia gravis is caused by an error in the transmission of nerve impulses to muscles. Botulism is a rare but serious illness caused by toxins that produce skeletal muscle paralysis. This paralysis affects muscles that help you breathe and move. Answer : (b)

sesamoid bone is a bone embedded within a tendon or a muscle. These bones form in response to strain, or can be present as a normal variant. The kneecap is the largest sesamoid bone in the body. The patella , also known as the kneecap, is a thick, circular-triangular bone which articulates with the femur (thigh bone) and covers and protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint. Answer : (a)

• Vertebrosternal ribs are true ribs, dorsally they are attached to the thoracic vertebrae and ventrally connected to the sternum with the help of hyaline cartilage. First seven pairs of ribs are called true ribs. • 8th, 9th and 10th pairs of ribs do not articulate directly with the sternum but join the seventh ribs with the help of hyaline cartilage. These are vertebrochondral or false ribs. • Last 2 pairs (11 & 12) of ribs are not connected ventrally and are therefore, called floating ribs. • Only first seven pairs of ribs are ventrally connected to the sternum. Answer : (d)

Sellaturcica a depression in the sphenoid bone, containing the pituitary gland. Answer : (c)

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a long-term neuromuscular disease that leads to varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness. Muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. Arthritis is an inflammation of the joints. It can affect one joint or multiple joints. There are more than 100 different types of arthritis, with different causes and treatment methods. Tetany a condition marked by intermittent muscular spasms, caused by malfunction of the parathyroid glands and a consequent deficiency of calcium. Answer : (b)

A change in shape is made when calcium ions bind to it. This change moves tropomyosin away from myosin-binding sites on actin molecules. Muscle contraction subsequently begins as the myosin binds to actin. is also a component of the thin filament that is a regulatory protein. Answer : (c)

The joint between the atlas and axis is a pivot type of joint. It allows the head turn from side to side Answer : (a)

Answer : (c)

The mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human face. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. Answer : (c)

All mammals except manatees and sloths have seven cervical vertebrae, whatever the length of the neck. This includes seemingly unlikely animals such as the giraffe, the camel, and the blue whale, Manatees (sea cows) are unusual amongst mammals in possessing just six cervical vertebrae, Two-toed sloths (Choloepus found in Central and South America) have5-7 neck vertebrae while three-toed sloths (Bradypus found in Latin America.) have 8 or 9 Answer : (c)

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The all-or-none law is the principle that the strength by which a nerve or muscle fiber responds to a stimulus is independent of the strength of the stimulus. If that stimulus exceeds the threshold potential, the nerve or muscle fiber will give a complete response; otherwise, there is no response. Answer : (d)

Among the vertebrae of the spinal column, the cervical vertebrae are the thinnest and most delicate bones. cervical vertebrae have the huge jobs of supporting the head, protecting the spinal cord, and providing mobility to the head and neck. Each cervical vertebra is named by its position in order from superior (C1 or first cervical vertebra) to inferior (C7 or seventh cervical vertebra). The Vertebro-arterial canals (vertebral artery), a component of the vertebrobasilar artery (VBA) system, supplies 20% of the blood to the brain The vertebral arteries arise from the subclavian arteries, one on each side of the body, then enter deep to the transverse process at the level of the 6th cervical vertebrae Answer : (c)

In vertebrates, cervical vertebrae are the vertebrae of the neck, immediately below the skull. Answer : (c)

The vertebral column usually consists of 33 vertebrae: 24 presacral vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar) followed by the sacrum (5 fused sacral vertebrae) and the coccyx (4 frequently fused coccygeal vertebrae). a formula indicating the number of vertebrae in each segment of the spinal column; for humans it is C. 7, T. 12, L. 5, S. 5, Co. 4 = 33, the letters denoting cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. Answer : (d)

The short-term reserve for replacement of ATP is creatine phosphate (CP), amolecule produced from excess ATP available in muscle cells when they are at rest. When muscles need more ATP to release energy required for muscle contraction Answer : (b)