Just like humans, giraffes have seven neck vertebrae. For giraffes, however, each one can be over 10 inches (25.4 centimeters) long Answer : (c)

Answer : (d)

Answer : (c)

Smooth muscle fibers are located in walls of hollow visceral organs, except the heart, appear spindle-shaped, and are also under involuntary control. Answer : (c)

Answer : (c)

ATP-ase needed for muscle contraction is present over myosin Answer : (c)

Long bones function is Support, erythrocyte and leucocyte synthesis. Red blood cells are produced by cores of bone marrow in the heads of long bones in a process known as hematopoiesis..one marrow is also a key component of the lymphatic system, producing the lymphocytes that support the body's immune system. Answer : (b)

The Cori cycle (also known as the Lactic acid cycle), refers to the metabolic pathway in which lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in the muscles moves to the liver and is converted to glucose, Answer : (b)

Statement (iii) The patella, also known as the kneecap, is a thick, circular-triangular bone which articulates with the femur (thigh bone) and covers and protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint Statement (iv) is wrong as the top of the scapula is attached to the clavicle by ligaments. The outer side of the scapula connects with the humerus bone of the upper arm. Statement (iv) is wrong Answer : (d)

Sesamoid bone is a bone embedded within a tendon or a muscle. a small independent bone or bony nodule developed in a tendon where it passes over an angular structure, typically in the hands and feet. The kneecap is a particularly large sesamoid bone. A dermal bone or membrane bone is a bony structure derived from intra membranous ossification examples are skull, jaws, gill covers Answer : (c)

Muscle contraction and many other movement processes are controlled by the interplay between myosin and actin filaments. Two further proteins, tropomyosinand troponin, regulate how myosin binds to actin. Answer : (d)

The second cervical vertebra (C2) of the spine is named the axis or epistropheus. The most distinctive characteristic of this bone is the strong odontoid process known as the dens which rises perpendicularly from the upper surface of the body. Answer : (c)

The latissimusdorsi muscle is one of the largest muscles in the back. Answer : (d)

Ca++ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This link is known as excitation-contraction coupling. Answer : (b)

Answer : (b)

The facet joints, (or zygapophysial joints, zygapophyseal, apophyseal, or Z-joints) are a set of synovial, plane joints between the articular processes of two adjacent vertebrae. Answer : (d)

The red color comes from a high concentration of myoglobin in the fibers. Myoglobin, like the hemoglobin in our red blood cells, binds oxygen that can be released as needed to the muscle fibers to allow them to contract Answer : (c)

Harmone are not secreted by bones, however bones secrete a protein called osteocalcin, discovered in the 1970s, that rebuilds the skeleton. Answer : (d)

The human rib cage is made up of 12 paired rib bones; each are symmetrically paired on a right and left side. Of all 24 ribs, the first seven pairs are often labeled as 'true. ' These bones are connected to the costal cartilage, while the five other 'false' sets are not. Answer : (d)

When a sarcomere shortens, some regions shorten while others remain the same length. A sarcomere is defined as the distance between two consecutive Z discs or Z lines. When a muscle contracts, the distance between the Z discs is reduced. The H zone, the central region of the A zone, contains only thick filaments and shortens during contraction. The I band contains only thin filaments and also shortens. The A band does not shorten; it remains the same length, but A bands of adjacent sarcomeres move closer together during contraction. Answer : (d)

Creatine phosphate is a molecule that can store energy in its phosphate bonds. In a resting muscle, excess ATP transfers its energy to creatine, producing ADP and creatine phosphate. This acts as an energy reserve that can be used to quickly create more ATP. When the muscle starts to contract and needs energy, creatine phosphate transfers its phosphate back to ADP to form ATP and creatine. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme creatine kinase and occurs very quickly; thus, creatine phosphate-derived ATP powers the first few seconds of muscle contraction. However, creatine phosphate can only provide approximately 15 seconds worth of energy Answer : (c)

Answer : (b)

Intra-articular disc occurs in between two vertebrae The facet joints, (or zygapophysial joints, zygapophyseal, apophyseal, or Z-joints) are a set of synovial, plane joints between the articular processes of two adjacent vertebrae. Answer : (d)

Answer : (c)

The first seven sets of ribs, known as "true ribs" (costae verae) also known as vertebrosternal ribs, are directly attached to the sternum through the costal cartilage. Answer : (b)

When a sarcomere shortens, some regions shorten whereas others stay the same length. A sarcomere is defined as the distance between two consecutive Z discs or Z lines; when a muscle contracts, the distance between the Z discs is reduced. The H zone—the central region of the A zone—contains only thick filaments and is shortened during contraction. The I band contains only thin filaments and also shortens. The A band does not shorten—it remains the same length—but A bands of different sarcomeres move closer together during contraction, eventually disappearing. Thin filaments are pulled by the thick filaments toward the center of the sarcomere until the Z discs approach the thick filaments. The zone of overlap, in which thin filaments and thick filaments occupy the same area, increases as the thin filaments move inward. Answer : (c)

Human vertebra is Acoelous THE SHAPES OF THE ARTICULATING ENDS OF VERTEBRAE The end surfaces of the vertebrae are known to be of different shapes in various groups of vertebrates. The consistency of the shapes within the different groups of vertebrates helps in the identification of fossils or animal remains. Amphicoelous groups. The amphicoelous vertebra has a concave depression at either end. Groups with amphicoelous vertebrae include most bony fish, a few salamander groups, the caecilians, some lizard groups, and the tuatura. Opisthocoelous groups. The opisthocoelous vertebra is concave at the posterior end but not the anterior end. Most salamanders are of the opisthocoelous type. Acoelous groups. Acoelous vertebrae are flattened on both ends. Mammals are acoelous. Heterocoelous groups. Heterocoelous vertebrae have saddle shaped ends. They are concave on one axis and convex on the other. They fit together like one saddle placed upside down and at nintydegrees on top of another. This is one of the most flexible of vertebral joints and is found in the free vertebrae of birds, especially in the neck. The types are Procoelous (anterior part is concave), Ophisthocoelous (Posterior is concave), Amphicoelous (Both are concave), Acoelous( Both sides are flat), heterocoelous (both sides are asymmetrical), Biconvex. Vertebrae are the structural unit of the vertebral column. Answer : (c)

Answer : (a)

Answer : (b)

Answer : (a)