Foramen magnum the large opening in the base of the skull forming the passage from the cranial cavity to the spinal canal. Answer : (d)

Answer : (a)

Haversian system : A haversian canal, its lamellae and osteocytes form a haversian system. Haversian canals are found in bone matrix of long bone, like humerus of mammals. Haversian canals contain artery and veins, osteoblasts in areolar tissue, nerves and lymph. Answer : (c)

The pterygoid is a paired bone forming part of the palate of many vertebrates, behind the palatine bones. In humans it becomes the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone Answer : (d)

In the resting state a sub-unit of Troponin (Tn-T), masks the active binding sites on the thin filaments for myosin. Answer : (a)

A sarcomere is the functional unit of striated muscle. It is the repeating unit between two Z lines. The most popular model that describes muscular contraction is called the sliding filament theory. In this theory, active force is generated as actin filaments slide past the myosin filaments, resulting in contraction of an individual sarcomere Answer : (a)

The facet joints, (or zygapophysial joints, zygapophyseal, apophyseal, or Z-joints) are a set of synovial, plane joints between the articular processes of two adjacent vertebrae. ( option a is correct and Option b NOT correct) Fibrous joint that is only found in the skull. (option c is NOT correct) There are two sets (except in the thumb) which has one joint: "proximal interphalangeal joints" (PIJ or PIP), those between the first (also called proximal) and second (intermediate) phalanges. "distal interphalangeal joints" (DIJ or DIP), those betweenthe second (intermediate) and third (distal)phalanges. (option d is NOT correct) Answer : (a)

Articulation of clavicle Clavicle articulates Medially with the manubrium of the Sternum at the Sternoclavicular joint. Laterally with the Scapula at the Acromioclavicular joint. Inferiorly with 1St rid at the Costoclavicular joint Answer : (c)

Pygostyle in a bird a triangular plate formed of the fused caudal vertebrae, typically supporting the tail feathers. The wishbone is an oddly-shaped forked bone that's the fusion of two clavicles called the furcula. It's located right between the neck and breast of a bird. A chevron is one of a series of bones on the ventral (under) side of the tail in many reptiles, dinosaurs and some mammals such as kangaroos and manatees. Urostyle a long unsegmented bone that represents a number of fused vertebrae and forms the posterior part of the vertebral column of frogs and toads Answer : (d)

At cartilaginous joints, bones are united by hyaline cartilage to form a synchondrosis or byfibrocartilage to form a symphysis. Answer : (c)

The fabella is a sesamoid bone in the posterolateral capsule of the human knee joint. Answer : (b)

Each of the synovial joints gives the anatomical structures the capability to produce specific types of movements. Standing on tiptoe is an example of hinge joint at the ankle that goes into an extension. Answer : (a)

mammals have dicondylic skull. Dicondylic Skull has ‘two’ occipital condyles, with the help of these two condyles skull is connected by first vertebra of vertebral column Answer : (b)

Lactic Acid Buildup Causes Muscle Fatigue and Soreness. Answer : (b)

Tarsals, Femur, Metatarsals, Tibia are parts of leg Answer : (d)

Answer:(c)

When acetylcholine reaches receptors on the membranes of muscle fibers, membrane channels open and the process that contracts a relaxed muscle fibers begins: Open channels allow an influx of sodium ions into the cytoplasm of the muscle fiber. The sodium influx also sends a message within the muscle fiber to trigger the release of stored calcium ions. The calcium ions diffuse into the muscle fiber. The relationship between the chains of proteins within the muscle cells changes, leading to the contraction. Calcium binds to troponin, causing the troponin to change shape and remove the tropomyosin from the binding sites. Magnesium acts as a natural calcium blocker to help muscles relax Answer : (b)

When acetylcholine reaches receptors on the membranes of muscle fibers, membrane channels open and the process that contracts a relaxed muscle fibers begins: Open channels allow an influx of sodium ions into the cytoplasm of the muscle fiber. The sodium influx also sends a message within the muscle fiber to trigger the release of stored calcium ions. The calcium ions diffuse into the muscle fiber. The relationship between the chains of proteins within the muscle cells changes, leading to the contraction. Calcium binds to troponin, causing the troponin to change shape and remove the tropomyosin from the binding sites. Answer : (a)

4 bones in the shoulder girdle (clavicle and scapula each side) Answer : (b)

E.D.T.A (Ethylane diamine tetra acetic acid) injected inside muscle combined with Ca+ and stops contraction. Answer : (a)

Myoglobin (symbol Mb or MB) is an iron- and oxygen-binding protein found in the muscle tissue of vertebrates in general and in almost all mammals. It is related to hemoglobin, which is the iron- and oxygen-binding protein in blood, specifically in the red blood cells. Answer : (a)

Bones of the Appendicular skeleton: 4 bones in the shoulder girdle (clavicle and scapula each side) 6 bones in the arm and forearm (humerus,ulna and radius) 54 bones in the hands (carpals 16, metacarpals 10, phalanges 28) 2 pelvis bones (consists of 3 sections, ilium, ischium, and pubis). 8 bones in the legs (femur, tibia, patella and fibula) 52 bones in the feet (tarsals 14, metatarsals10 , phalanges 28) Some books also mention 4sesamoid bones in hand and leg Bones of the Axial Skeleton The Axial Skeleton is the central core of the human body housing and protecting it’s vital organs. The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones: 29 bones in the head - (8 cranial and 14 facial bones) and then also 7 accociated bones (6 auditory ossicles and the Hyoid Bone) 25 bones of the thorax - (the sternum and 24 ribs) 26 bones in the vertebral column (24 vertebrae, the sacrum and the coccyx) Answer : (a)

Troponin is attached to the protein tropomyosin and lies within the groove between actin filaments in muscle tissue. In a relaxed muscle, tropomyosin blocks the attachment site for the myosin crossbridge, thus preventing contraction. Answer : (b)

Answer : (a)

A pivot joint is a type of synovial joint that rotates joints between the radius and ulna that rotate fore arm.is the pivot joint Answer : (b)

The mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the face. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. Used for used for chewing Answer : (d)

The phrase floating rib refers to the two lowermost, the eleventh and twelfth, rib pairs Answer : (d)

Stimulation of a muscle fiber by a motor neuron occurs at the neuromuscular junction Answer:(c)

microfilaments are the narrowest, have a diameter of about 6 nm, and are made of two intertwined strands of a globular protein called actin. For this reason, microfilaments are also known as actin filaments. Answer:(d)

Acromioclavicular Joint and Sternoclavicular Joint Example joint between humerus and pectoral girdle (option a is NOT correct) Gliding joint, Example: joint between carpals ( option b correct) Fibrous joint Example joint between frontal and pariental ( option c is NOT correct) Facet joints Example: joint between third and fourth cervical vertebrae ( option d is NOT correct) Answer:(b)