Endomycorrhizas include arbuscular (AMs), ericoid, and orchid mycorrhizas. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are soil fungi belonging to the phylum Glomeromycota. Glomus belongs to Glomeromycota Answer:(a)

A number of insects are repelled by azadirachtin from Margosa due to antifeedant property. It was perhaps the first natural insecticide usd by humans. Answer:(b)

Vermicompost is the product of the decomposition process using various species of worms, usually red wigglers, white worms, and other earthworms, to create a mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and vermicast. Answer:(b)

The pyrethrins are a class of organic compounds normally derived from Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium that have potent insecticidal activity by targeting the nervous systems of insects Answer:(c)

Cephalosporin is obtained from marine fungus Cephalosporium acremonium. Answer:(a)

Rhizobium is the most famous nitrogen-fixing bacteria or biofertilizer. It is an endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria which consists of roots of legumes and it is colonized within the root nodules in plant cells. Answer:(d)

Activity of anaerobic bacteria on sewage in anaerobic sludge digester produces mixture of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide. This is known as marsh gas or biogas. Answer:(c)

Pasteurisation is the process of heating up milk and other liquids to a high temperature for a short time and then cooling it down again quickly. The standard temperature used for the process is 71.7°C and the length of time it's kept at that temperature for has to be at least 15 seconds and no longer than 25 seconds Answer:(b)

Bacillus thuringiensis is a Gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium, the most commonly used biological pesticide worldwide B. subtilis is used in synthesis of protease. Polymyxin B is an antibiotic derived from the bacterium Bacillus polymyxa, primarily used for the treatment of resistant Gram-negative infections. The soil bacterium Bacillus brevis produces a mixture of short polypeptides, gramicidins A, B, and C, which are collectively called gramicidin D (or just gramicidin), an important antibiotic that effectively kills gram-positive bacteria. Answer:(a)

Louis Pasteur ForMemRS was a French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization. Pasteurisation is process intended to destroy or deactivate organisms and enzymes that contribute to spoilage or risk of disease, including vegetative bacteria, but not bacterial spores resulting in clean and good quality milk. Answer:(c)

Cow dung has capability to improve the soil structure (aggregation) so that the soil holds more nutrients and water, and therefore becomes more fertile. Thus, it is used as manure. Answer:(c)

Beer’s nutrient medium is Barley (Hordeum vulgare) grain which have been semi germinated and crushed to form malt. Before inoculation with yeast, the infusion of malt is treated with hops (Humulus lupulus) to provide flavor, colour and stability. Answer:(a)

Biopesticides are currently used to manage invertebrate pests, plant pathogens, and weeds. The microorganisms used include bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and viruses. Advantages of biopesticide are as follows: Control pests, pathogens, diseases and weeds. Answer:(d)

The egg pathogenic fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus (strain 251) is a biocontrol fungus with a potential range of activity to control the worldwide most important plant parasitic nematodes. This biological nematicide may be an useful tool in an integrated approach to control mainly sedentary nematodes. Answer:(d)

Modern detergents contains alkaline proteases also known as alkaliphiles which are helpful in removing protein based stains. Answer:(b)

Leguminous plants are in symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium. These nitrogen fixing bacteria converts atmospheric content into ammonia. This result in increase in nitrogen content in soil. Thus, leguminous plants are best preferred for rotation of crops. Answer:(c)

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) is formed by the symbiotic association between certain phycomycetous fungi and angiosperm roots. The fungus colonizes the root cortex forming a mycelial network and characteristic vesicles (bladder-like structures) and arbuscules (branched finger-like hyphae). Answer:(b)

Leghemoglobin (also leghaemoglobin or legoglobin) is an oxygen-carrying phytoglobin found in the nitrogen-fixing root nodules of leguminous plants. It is produced by these plants in response to the roots being colonized by nitrogen-fixing bacteria, termed rhizobia, as part of the symbiotic interaction between plant and bacterium. Therefore, it occurs around bacteriodes. Answer:(c)

Thurioside is toxin obtained from Bacillus thuringiensis is toxic to several insects. Answer:(a)

A sewage treatment process in which a part of decomposer bacteria present in the wastes is recycled into the starting of the process is called activated sludge treatment . Answer:(d)

Clostridium butylicum produces butyric acid. Lactic acid is produced by Streptococcus lactis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Answer:(d)

Yeast is used in preparation of alcohol. Answer:(a)

Lactic acid fermentation is a metabolic process by which glucose or other six-carbon sugars (also, disaccharides of six-carbon sugars, e.g. sucrose or lactose) are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate, which is lactic acid in solution. It is an anaerobic fermentation reaction that occurs in some bacteria and animal cells, such as muscle cells. It is anaerobic respiration and thus O2 is not used. The end- product is lactate and ATP, thus CO2 is not liberated. Answer:(b)

The mechanisms by which mycorrhizae increase absorption include some that are physical and some that are chemical. Physically, most mycorrhizal mycelia are much smaller in diameter than the smallest root or root hair, and thus can explore soil material that roots and root hairs cannot reach, and provide a larger surface area for absorption. Under adverse conditions, mycorrhiza act as root hair. Answer:(b)

Wine and beer are produced without distillation, where as Whisky Rum are produced by distillation of fermented broth Answer:(a)

Yeast is used in preparation of alcohol. Answer:(a)

Parthenium hysterophorus is a noxious weed in America, Asia, Africa and Australia. This weed is considered to be a cause of allergic respiratory problems, contact dermatitis, mutagenicity in human and livestock and thus should be eradicated quickly. Answer:(a)

Yeast produces enzyme zymase which converts glucose into ethanol. Molecular formula of ethanol is C2H5OH. Answer:(b)

Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic, produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces nivens, with antibacterial property. Novobiocin, as well as other aminocoumarin antibiotics, inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis by targeting at the bacteria DNA gyrase and the related enzyme DNA topoisomerase IV. This antibiotic was used to treat infections by gram-positive bacteria. Answer:(d)

Streptomycin is prepared from Streptomyces griseus. Answer:(c)