Glucose, galactose, and fructose are all hexoses. They are structural isomers, meaning they have the same chemical formula (C6H12O6) but a different arrangement of atoms. Answer : (d)

Mannitol is a type of sugar alcohol used as a sweetener and medication. As a sweetener it is used in diabetic food as it is poorly absorbed by the intestines. Answer : (c)

An endoenzyme, or intracellular enzyme, is an enzyme that functions within the cell in which it was produced. An exoenzyme, or extracellular enzyme, is an enzyme that is secreted by a cell and functions outside that cell. An apoenzyme is an inactive enzyme, activation of the enzyme occurs upon binding of an organic or inorganic cofactor. Isozymes in general can be used to meet the metabolic needs of different tissues and developmental stages. Answer : (a)

Egg white consists primarily of about 90% water into which is dissolved about 10% proteins (including albumins, mucoproteins, and globulins). Answer : (a)

All of nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA. Mitochondrial DNA is known as mt-DNA and the chloroplast is known as ct-DNA. Answer : (b)

The DNA is double stranded and helical in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Answer : (c)

Answer : (a)

each amino acid contains four elements: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon. Some might also contain a fifth element, sulfur Answer : (c)

The diameter of the DNA helix is 2 nm or 20 Å and the vertical rise per base pair is 0.34 nm . Answer : (c)

Chemically, beeswax is largely myricyl palmitate — the ester of myricyl alcohol and palmitic acid, both long chainlike molecules that are large compared to the acids and alcohols that constitute the small esters with fruity smells. Answer : (a)

Pepsin is most active at pH 2, with its activity decreasing at higher pH and dropping off completely at pH 6.5 or above. Answer : (b)

DNA occurs in Nucleus, Chloroplast, Mitochondrion Answer : (d)

Translocation is the movement of solutes from the leaf to various parts of the body. Sucrose is actively participated from the sources to the sink. As the sucrose moves down from the source the water potential decreases and thus water from the xylem enters the phloem. Plants uses the sucrose as a mode of transfer as it is easily soluble in water. Answer : (c)

Starch and cellulose are composed of glucose Answer : (d)

Purines are adenine (A) and guanine (G) while pyrimidines are thymine (T) and cytosine (C) Answer : (a)

Cofactor: The first type of enzyme partner is a group called cofactors, or molecules that increase the rate of reaction or are required for enzyme function. Coenzymes A specific type of cofactor, coenzymes, are organic molecules that bind to enzymes and help them function. The key here is that they're organic. Prosthetic Groups: Prosthetic groups are cofactors that bind tightly to proteins or enzymes. As if holding on for dear life, they are not easily removed. Answer : (c)

Energy is also released when a phosphate is removed from ADP to form adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Answer : (b)

Monosaccharides are the simplest form of sugar. Pentose is a monosaccharide (simple sugar) with five carbon atoms Pentose are found in nucleotides, deoxyribose (found in DNA) and ribose (found in RNA) Answer : (c)

A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water (H2O). Answer : (b)

Apoprotein is a protein which together with a prosthetic group forms a particular biochemical molecule such as a hormone or enzyme. Answer : (c)

The four elements making 99% of living system are elements— oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Answer : (c)

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also known as lipoglycans and endotoxins Answer : (c)

All chemical reactions, including exothermic reactions, need activation energy to get started. Answer : (c)

Answer : (a)

Glycogen is a readily mobilized storage form of glucose. It is a very large, branched polymer of glucose residues that can be broken down to yield glucose molecules when energy is needed. Answer : (a)

Arachidic Acid is a saturated long-chain fatty acid with a 20-carbon backbone Unsaturated fat, a fatty acid in which the hydrocarbon molecules have two carbons that share double or triple bond(s) Answer : (d)

R groups are the radical, meaning it is the variable part of amino acids. Amino acids have three main groups, the carboxyl groups, the amino group and a radical which can change. Answer : (d)

Amylase Enzyme it catalyzes the breakdown of starch. When amylase reacts with starch, it cuts off the disaccharide maltose (two glucose molecules linked together). As the reaction progresses, less starch will be present and more sugar (maltose) will be present. The activity of amylase can be observed by using iodine Answer : (b)

Answer : (c)

Enzymes are highly specific. They must bind to a specific substrate before they can catalyze a chemical reaction. The specific action of an enzyme with a single substrate can be explained using a Lock and Key Answer : (c)

Cellulose is a linear polysaccharide polymer with many glucose monosaccharide units. The acetal linkage is beta which makes it different from starch. Answer : (d)

Nucleoside have Sugar + Base RNA nucleotides differ from DNA nucleotides by the presence of a hydroxyl group linked to the #2 carbon of the sugar. Example the four major 2-deoxyribose nucleosides are 2-deoxyadenosine, 2-deoxyguanosine, 2-deoxycytidine, and 2-deoxythymine Nucleotide have Sugar + Base + Phosphate. A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and one to three phosphate groups Adenosine monophosphate : The four bases found in DNA are adenine (abbreviated A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). These four bases are attached to the sugar/phosphate to form the complete nucleotide, as shown for adenosine monophosphate Answer : (b)

Enzymes are proteins consisting of one or more polypeptide chains. Most enzymes are proteins, although a few are catalytic RNA molecules Answer : (b)

In 1878 German physiologist Wilhelm Kühne (1837–1900) coined the term enzyme, Answer : (b)

Water protects organisms from thermal shock due to its high Latent heat Answer : (b)

Soybeans are considered a whole source of protein, they provide the body with the essential amino acid it needs Answer : (c)

Answer : (c)

The 3-dimensional double helix structure of DNA, correctly elucidated by James Watson and Francis Crick. Answer : (c)

Alanine plays a key role in glucose–alanine cycle between tissues and liver Answer : (a)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone is a 39-amino-acid peptide hormone produced by cells of the anterior pituitary gland Answer : (c)

In a dead animal, the metabolism stops and the enzyme required for the degradation of glycogen stops. So the process like glycogenesis and glycogenolysis do not take place Answer : (d)

when isolated DNA is exposed to a temperature range of 82-90° C, the hydrogen bonds break and all the base pairs in a DNA double helix melt, thus uncoiling the helix and separating the stands. Answer : (a)

All monosaccharides are reducing sugars because all monosaccharides have an aldehyde group (if they are aldoses) or can tautomerize in solution to form an aldehyde group (if they are ketoses). This includes common monosaccharides like galactose, glucose, glyceraldehyde, fructose, ribose, and xylose. Answer : (a)

Glycoproteins are compounds are conjugated proteins in which the prosthetic groups are carbohydrates; they also include proteoglycans. Glycoproteins differ from proteoglycans because their carbohydrate chains are shorter (oligosaccharides) and branched. Answer : (b)

Nucleosides are glycosylamines that can be thought of as nucleotides without a phosphate group. Hydrolysis of the nucleosides present in nucleic acids yields a heterocyclic (pyrimidine or purine) base and pentose. Thus phosphoric acid can not be yield Answer : (d)

Hemoglobin is a conjugated protein. Conjugated proteins refer to complex proteins that are combined with other non-protein substances. Hemoglobin contains the prosthetic group known as heme. Some more examples of conjugated proteins are lipoproteins, glycoproteins, phosphoproteins, hemoproteins, flavoproteins, metalloproteins, phytochromes, cytochromes, opsins and chromoproteins Answer : (a)

Lysosome contain about 40 types of hydrolytic enzymes, including proteases, nucleases, glycosidases, lipases, phospholipases, phosphatases, and sulfatases. All are acid hydrolases. Answer : (c)

James Batcheller Sumner (November 19, 1887 – August 12, 1955) was an American chemist. He discovered that enzymes can be crystallized. He demonstrated that urease could be isolated and crystallized Answer : (a)

Collagen is the major insoluble fibrous protein in the extracellular matrix. Fibrous proteins and globular proteins differ in size, shape, solubility, appearance as well as in function. Fibrous proteins consist of repetition of a single unit to form chains that act as connective tissues and give strength and joint mobility. Examples of fibrous proteins are collagen, elastin, keratin, silk, etc. Globular proteins are spherical in shape and consist of long chains with numerous branches and offshoots which make them great as transport proteins. Examples of globular protein are myoglobin, hemoglobin, casein, insulin, etc Answer : (d)

Glycogen is a branched chain polymer of α-D glucose units in which chain is formed by C1-C4 glycosidic linkage whereas branchin occurs by the formation of C1-C6 glycosidic linkage. Answer : (a)