Glucose is the main source of fuel for our cells. When the body doesn't need to use the glucose for energy, it stores it in the liver and muscles in the form of glycogen. Glycogen is made up of many connected glucose molecules Answer : (d)

High energy phosphate reactions Reaction ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi ADP + H2O → AMP + Pi ATP + H2O → AMP + PPi PPi + H2O → 2 Pi Here Pi is inorganic phosphate Answer : (d)

Monosaccharides often called simple sugars and are made of 3-7 carbon atoms with a free aldehyde or ketonic group. Since they have two or more hydroxyl groups (polyhydroxy groups) they are also called as polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones depending on the functional group present. Monosaccharides are subdivided into trioses, tetroses, pentoses depending upon the number of carbon atoms they possess. Answer : (c)

Adenylic acid is a nucleotide found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. It consists of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. Answer : (b)

Cellulose is a linear polysaccharide polymer with many glucose monosaccharide units. Answer : (b)

Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid meaning that it cannot be made in the body and must be ingested in the diet. Serine is a nonessential amino acid derived from glycine. Answer : (b)

Glycoprotein are conjugated proteins in which the prosthetic groups are carbohydrates. A prosthetic group is the non-amino acid component that is part of the structure of the heteroproteins or conjugated proteins, being covalently linked to the apoprotein The prosthetic group may be organic such as a vitamin, sugar(carbohydrate), RNA, phosphate or lipid or inorganic such as a metal ion. Answer : (d)

DNA replication is the basis for biological inheritance. It is a fundamental process occurring in all living organisms to copy their DNA. This process is 'semiconservative' in that each strand of the original double-stranded DNA molecule serves as a template for the reproduction of the complementary strand. Synthesis of RNA is usually catalyzed by an enzyme—RNA polymerase—using DNA as a template, a process known as transcription. Answer:(c)

Answer : (a)

Turpentine oil is derived from the oleoresin (balsam) collected from the harvested from living trees, mainly pines. Pine, fir, spruce, and cedar are all examples Gymnospermous wood Answer : (c)

Sunflower oil is characterized by its high concentration of linoleic acid (60–70%) followed by oleic acid (15–35%). Answer : (a)

In DNA, the purines adenine (A) and guanine (G) pair up with the pyrimidines thymine (T) and cytosine (C), respectively. Answer : (b)

Fat is the body's most concentrated source of energy, providing more than twice as much potential energy as carbohydrate or protein (9 calories per gram versus 4 calories each per gram) Answer : (b)

The Benedict's test identifies reducing sugars (monosaccharide's and some disaccharides), which have free ketone or aldehyde functional groups. Benedict's solution can be used to test for the presence of glucose in urine. Answer : (d)

sucrose is a complex disaccharide, it is not classified as either an aldose or a ketone. Instead, it is a compound that contains both. glucose is aldose sugar and fructose is a ketose sugar. It has no free aldehydes or keto group Answer : (c)

Inulin, polysaccharide that is a commercial source of the sugar fructose. It occurs in many plants of the family Asteraceae (Compositae), particularly in such roots and tubers as the Dahlia and the Jerusalem artichoke. Inulin forms a white, crystalline powder that is as sweet as sucrose. Answer : (b)

In a free nucleotide, there may be one, two, or three phosphate groups attached to the sugar, as a chain of phosphates attached to the 5 carbon. These are adenosine triphosphate (ATP), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ). ATP is a nucleotide that consists of three main structures: the nitrogenous base, adenine; the sugar, ribose; and a chain of three phosphate groups bound to ribose. Answer : (d)

Prostaglandins (PGs) are physiologically and pharmacologically active, lipid compounds resembling hormones Answer : (d)

Dextrose is the name given to glucose produced from corn. Biochemically they are identical. Answer : (a)

Nitrogen is the most essential mineral element. It forms an important component of the amino acid which combines to form protein. It is a non-metal element which is present in gaseous state. It forms an important component of some of the important protoplasmic proteins like phosphoprotein and lipoprotein which provides structural and functional integrity to the cell. Answer : (a)

Answer : (c)

Transaminases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the interconversion of amino acids and oxoacids by transfer of amino groups. Hydrogenases catalyze the conversion of molecular hydrogen to protons and electrons by a heterolytic splitting mechanism. Proteases whose catalytic function is to hydrolyze peptide bonds of proteins. Answer : (b)

Cytochrome are any of a number of compounds consisting of haem bonded to a protein. The basic functional unit of cytochrome oxidase contains four metals, two copper and two iron atoms, which are bound to the seven polypeptide chains Answer : (d)

ATP is an unstable molecule which hydrolyzes to ADP and inorganic phosphate when it is in equilibrium with water. The high energy of this molecule comes from the two high-energy phosphate bonds. The bonds between phosphate molecules are called phosphoanhydride bonds. They are energy-rich and contain a ΔG of -30.5 kJ/mol. Answer : (b)

Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth. Answer : (a)

Enzymes	Inorganic Catalysts
They are globular proteins	They are mineral ions or small molecules
They can promote a specific reaction of a substrate.	They can promote diverse reaction.
They are regulated by specific molecules.	They are not regulated by any regulator molecules.
They are synthesized by ribosomes in the living cells	They are not synthesized in the living cells
They are more sensitive to temperature and pH	They are less sensitive to temperature and pH

Answer : (b)

In competitive inhibition, an inhibitor that resembles the normal substrate binds to the enzyme, usually at the active site, and prevents the substrate from binding. At any given moment, the enzyme may be bound to the inhibitor, the substrate, or neither, but it cannot bind both at the same time. Answer : (a)

Sudan III is used to identify the presence of lipids in liquids. It will stain fat cells red Answer : (d)

The Swiss scientist Friedrich Miescher discovered nucleic acids (DNA) in 1868. Answer : (c)

Cerebroside is a any of a group of complex lipids present in the sheaths of nerve fibres Types of glycolipids Cerebrosides: a group glycosphingolipids involved in nerve cell membranes. Gangliosides: the most complex animal glycolipids. Globosides: glycosphingolipids with more than one sugar as part of the carbohydrate complex. Glycophosphosphingolipids: complex glycophospholipids from fungi, yeasts, and plants Glycophosphatidylinositols: a sub-group of glycolipids defined by a phosphatidylinositol lipid moiety bound to a carbohydrate complex Answer : (a)

A disaccharide (also called a double sugar ) is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides (simple sugars) are joined by glycosidic linkage. Three common examples are sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Answer : (c)

Scleroproteins are an insoluble structural protein such as keratin, collagen, or elastin. Answer : (d)

RNA have Uracil instead of Thyamine because RNA is evolutionary older than DNA and also because Thymine is methylated form of Uracil it gives a more stabilized structure to DNA Answer : (d)

All prokaryotes have 70S (where S=Svedberg units) ribosomes. The 70S ribosome is made up of a 50S and 30S subunits. The 50S subunit contains the 23S and 5S rRNA while the 30S subunit contains the 16S rRNA. Eukaryotes contain larger 80S ribosomes in their cytosol. Answer : (b)

Two thirds of body iron is present in circulating red blood cells as hemoglobin. Each gram of hemoglobin contains 3.47 mg of iron Answer : (a)

Glycine is the only amino acid with no asymmetric (chiral) carbon because it has two hydrogens attached to alpha carbon. Answer : (d)

Cholesterol belongs to the steroid family of lipid (fat) compounds. Answer : (a)

Calcium ions are one type of second messengers and are responsible for many important physiological functions including muscle contraction, fertilization, and neurotransmitter release. Answer : (a)

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a coenzyme which is only loosely bound to the active site of the enzymes Answer : (a)

Brazzein is the smallest sweet-tasting protein and was isolated from the wild African plant Pentadiplandra brazzeana Answer:(b)

list of essential amino acids found in your body: Isoleucine Histidine Leucine Methionine Lysine Phenylalanine Tryptophan Threonine Valine Answer : (c)

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) contains high energy bonds located between each phosphate group. These bonds are known as phosphoric anhydride bonds. Answer : (a)

uridylic acid (conjugate base uridylate), is a nucleotide that is used as a monomer in RNA Thymidine is a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside. Cytosine can be found as part of DNA, as part of RNA, or as a part of a nucleotide Glutamic acid is an α-amino acid Answer : (a)

Carbohydrates like glycogen and starch are relatively easy to store because of the following advantages. They are stored in bulk. They are chemically non-reactive. They are osmotically inactive. Answer : (d)

Lipids form an ester linkage between the carboxyl group of a fatty acid and the hydroxyl group of an alcohol monomer such as glycerol. Answer : (d)

The sugars which are present in the nucleotide are ribose or deoxyribose. The nitrogenous bases are purines and pyrimidines. Polynucleotides are formed by covalent linkages between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the sugar of another, phosphodiester bond is the linkage between the 3' carbon atom of one sugar molecule and the 5' carbon atom of another, Answer : (c)

The type of lipid found in fat cells for this purpose is a triglyceride, an ester created from glycerol and three fatty acids. Answer : (b)

A variety of ions, including potassium and divalent cations, have been shown to reduce intradental nerve excitability when applied in relatively high concentrations to dentine close to the pulp. Na+, K+, and Ca2+, Mg2+ each regulate the excitability of neurons. Answer : (a)

Arginine and histidine form the group of so-called semi-essential amino acids. They have to be consumed in the diet under certain circumstances. Arginine is a complex amino acid, often found at active site in proteins and enzymes due to its amine-containing side chain Eight amino acids are essential for humans, as the body cannot produce them by themselves, and they have to be supplied externally. These are: isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine. Answer : (a)

Answer : (d)