If a compound is represented by the formula AB in which A and B are atoms or groups and water is represented by the formula HOH, the hydrolysis reaction may be represented by the reversible chemical equation AB + HOH ⇋H + BOH Answer : (d)

Arginine and lysine are abundant amino acids found in basic proteins such as histones and protamines Answer : (b)

The simplest, and smallest, amino acid found in proteins is glycine for which the R-group is a hydrogen (H). Answer : (a)

guanine is a derivative of purine. pyrimidine derivatives are cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U). Answer : (a)

Our body is able to convert tryptophan, an amino acid regularly found in the body, into niacin. Niacin is then converted to nicotinamide Answer : (b)

Pyrimidine nucleobases are simple ring molecules pyrimidine derivatives are cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U). Purine nucleobases are fused-ring molecules. Answer : (c)

Linkage α1 → 6 is side chain Answer : (a)

Like DNA, RNA can carry genetic information. Answer : (c)

Histones are highly basic proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that pack and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. Answer : (c)

Lysine (symbol Lys or K) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Each nucleotide consists of three components: a nitrogenous base: cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A) or thymine (T) a five-carbon sugar molecule (deoxyribose in the case of DNA) a phosphate molecule. Answer : (c)

Denaturation occurs because the bonding interactions responsible for the secondary structure (hydrogen bonds to amides) and tertiary structure are disrupted. Once its interaction is disrupted, it changes the three dimensional configuration and gets converted into single string of amino acids. Answer : (d)

The bases adenine, guanine, and cytosine are found in both DNA and RNA; thymine is found only in DNA, and uracil is found only in RNA. Answer : (c)

Allosteric modulators are a group of substances that bind to a receptor to change that receptor's response to stimulus. Allosteric modulators can be positive (activating) causing an increase of the enzyme activity or negative (inhibiting) causing a decrease of the enzyme activity. Answer : (d)

Fibroin is an insoluble protein present in silk produced by numerous insects, such as the larvae of Bombyx mori, and other moth genera such as Antheraea, Cricula, Samia and Gonometa. Answer : (a)

The cytoplasm of living cells containing many types of biomolecular colloidal suspensions Answer : (d)

Lipids are a class of macromolecules that are nonpolar and hydrophobic in nature. Major types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids Maltose is a sugar made out of two glucose molecules bound together. The glycerol backbone is found in those lipids known as glycerides. Answer : (c)

Serotonin is made from the essential amino acid tryptophan. Tryptophan deficiency can lead to lower serotonin levels. This can result in mood disorders, such as anxiety or depression Answer : (b)

The specific action of an enzyme with a single substrate can be explained using a Lock and Key analogy first postulated in 1894 by Emil Fischer. Answer : (a)

The six opium alkaloids which occur naturally in the largest amounts are morphine, narcotine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine and narceine. a - iii Carotenoids and anthocyanins are accessory pigments. b - i Vinblastine is an anti-cancer ("antineoplastic" or "cytotoxic") chemotherapy drug. Curcumin is known for its antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties c - ii Answer : (d)

Generally, the product, having a different conformation than substrate can no longer bind to the cognate cleft of active site and is hence released from the enzyme. Inhibitors of the enzyme usually mimics the substrate conformation and can easily bind to the enzyme active site (due to conformational compatibility) but cannot be acted upon by the active site amino acids, hence enzyme would be rendered inactive. Hence this supports the lock and key theory of enzyme substrate interaction. So, the correct answer is 'Compounds similar to substrate inhibit enzyme activit Answer : (d)

The Michaelis-Menten model is based on the assumption that the enzyme binds the substrate to form an intermediate complex which then dissociates to form the final product and release the enzyme in its original form. Answer : (c)

RNA is more common and abundant than DNA Answer : (b)

Enzymes allow many chemical reactions to occur within the homeostasis constraints of a living system. Enzymes function as organic catalysts. A catalyst is a chemical involved in, but not changed by, a chemical reaction. Many enzymes function by lowering the activation energy of reactions. By bringing the reactants closer together, chemical bonds may be weakened and reactions will proceed faster than without the catalyst. Answer : (d)

In cells, most oxidations are accomplished by the removal of hydrogen atoms. Both of these coenzymes play crucial roles in this. Each molecule of NAD+ (or NADP+) can acquire two electrons; that is, be reduced by two electrons. However, only one proton accompanies the reduction. The other proton produced as two hydrogen atoms are removed from the molecule being oxidized is liberated into the surrounding medium. Answer : (b)

In liquid water, the mean O-H length is about 0.097 nm, the mean H-O-H angle is about 106°, and the mean negative charge on the oxygen atom is about 70% of that of an electron with each hydrogen atom positively charged sharing the neutralizing charge. Answer : (b)

DNA have Thymine but no uracil. DNA uses the bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine; RNA uses adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine. DNA is a double-stranded molecule, while RNA is a single-stranded molecule. DNA is stable under alkaline conditions, while RNA is not stable Answer : (b)

The three-dimensional structure of DNA, first proposed by James D. Watson and Francis H. C. Crick in 1953 Answer : (c)

Answer:(b)

Each of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria employs the same enzyme , nitrogenase. The nitrogenase enzyme is shaped something like a butterfly, and contains an atom of molybdenum at its core that is crucial for the reaction. Soils deficient in molybdenum cannot sustain effective nitrogen fixation, and monitoring soil for this element is important to ensure maximum fixation in managed fields or pastures. Answer : (d)

Rubisco (d-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) is responsible for the vast majority of global carbon fixation and has been to be the most abundant protein on Earth Answer : (b)

Answer : (c)

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes that break down proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Answer : (b)

NADPH oxidase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase) is a membrane-bound enzyme complex that faces the extracellular space. A coenzyme is an organic non-protein compound that binds with an enzyme to catalyze a reaction. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) and Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) are coenzymes involved in reversible oxidation and reduction reactions. The molecule ATP (adenosine triphosphate) can function as a coenzyme. When a phosphate group is removed, turning ATP into ADP (adenosine diphosphate), energy is released. Since many chemical reactions require energy, cells can use ATP to give energy to a reaction to assist in changing the substrate to product. Answer : (b)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy molecule of the cell. During catabolic reactions, ATP is created and energy is stored until needed during anabolic reactions. Answer : (c)

Polyunsaturated fats are fats in which the constituent hydrocarbon chain possesses two or more carbon–carbon double bonds. Polyunsaturated fat can be found mostly in nuts, seeds, fish, seed oils, and oysters. polyunsaturated fatty acids may protect against atherosclerosis. Saturated fats raise your LDL (bad) cholesterol. High LDL cholesterol increases your risk for heart disease and stroke. Oils contains saturated fats can drive up total cholesterol, and tip the balance toward more harmful LDL cholesterol, which prompts blockages to form in arteries in the heart and elsewhere in the body. Answer : (d)

Answer : (b)

Unsaturated fatty acids may be converted to saturated fatty acids by the relatively simple hydrogenation reaction. Answer : (b)

Lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen with a H:O ration of > 2:1 These molecules have lots and lots of carbons and hydrogens (tens, hundreds or even thousands) yet they only contain six oxygens. Answer : (a)

ATP is a nucleotide consisting of an adenine base attached to a ribose sugar, which is attached to three phosphate groups. These three phosphate groups are linked to one another by two high-energy bonds called phosphoanhydride bonds. Answer : (a)

Isozymes (also known as isoenzymes) are enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH or LD) the conversion of lactate to pyruvate and back, as it converts NAD+ to NADH and back. lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). This enzyme is used to catalyze the synthesis of glucose in anaerobic metabolism of glucose Answer : (a)

Chitin (C8H13O5N)n, a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, is a derivative of glucose. Answer : (c)

Water in all its cells, organs, and tissues to help regulate its temperature and maintain other bodily functions. Water is important for the functioning of body as it is a very good solvent Answer : (d)

ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) contains high energy bonds located between each phosphate group. Answer : (a)

Proteins are made of units called amino acids, and in enzymes that are proteins, The set of amino acids found in the active site, along with their positions in 3D space, give the active site a very specific size, shape, and chemical behavior. These amino acids, an enzyme's active site is uniquely suited to bind to a particular target—the enzyme's substrate or substrates—and help them undergo a chemical reaction. Answer : (b)

Plant cell walls are primarily made of cellulose, which is the most abundant macromolecule on Earth. Answer : (d)

Enzymes are proteins, and they make a biochemical reaction more likely to proceed by lowering the activation energy of the reaction, thereby making these reactions proceed thousands or even millions of times faster than they would without a catalyst. Answer : (a)

Papain is found naturally in papaya (Carica papaya L.) manufactured from the latex of raw papaya fruits. Answer : (a)

Purines Double carbon-nitrogen ring with four nitrogen atoms Adenine and Guanine, are purines Answer : (d)

Zymase is an enzyme complex that catalyzes the fermentation of sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Answer : (c)

Agar is a polymer made up of subunits of the sugar galactose. So Statement 'iv' is NOT correct Answer : (b)