Protoplasm or living matter of cell is a polyphasic crystallo - colloid complex that possesses all the properties of life and is found inside the living cells Answer : (b)

Active transport uses cellular energy to move them against a gradient, polar repulsion, or other resistance, here there is no chemical change, active transport is not chemical process Answer : (a)

Endocytosis is the process of actively transporting molecules into the cell by engulfing it with its membrane. Endocytosis and exocytosis are used by all cells to transport molecules that cannot pass through the membrane passively. Answer : (a)

Answer : (b)

The glycocalyx is a carbohydrate-enriched coating that covers the outside of many eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells, particularly bacteria. a= 3 Sphaerosomes(=spherosomes) or Oleosomes are small cell organelles bounded by single membrane which take part in storage and synthesis of lipid. b=1 The thylakoid membranes of a chloroplast is an internal system of interconnected membranes, that carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis.c =4 Idiogram is the diagrammatic representation of karyotype. d = 4 Answer : (a)

The DNA molecule is a polymer of nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), and a phosphate group. Answer : (c)

Golgi apparatus is an organelle found in the eukaryotic cells which forms a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm that is involved in secretion, glycosylation of proteins and lipids and helps in intracellular transport. The Golgi apparatus semicircular membrane-bound sacs or folds (5-8 in number) called cisternae (with ribosome molecule) which are called the functional units of the organelle Answer : (d)

Cell sap, the watery fluid within the central vacuole of a plant cell. Answer : (d)

Dujardin (April 5, 1802 – April 8, 1860) is a French biologist and cytologist who is known for his studies in the classification of protozoans and invertebrates. In the year 1835 Dujardin discovered the protoplasm and named as “sarcode”. Answer : (b)

Electron microscope can magnify the objects up to 2,00,000 times (now possible up to 2,50,000 - 4,00,000) and direct of objects is possible on this microscope. Presence of ribosomes (size 23nm in diameter) is revealed with the help of an electron microscope. Answer : (a)

Answer : (a)

The inner membrane of the mitochondria is the site of the electron transport chain (aerobic respiration). Statement c is not correct Answer : (c)

Thomas Huxley (1869) referred to Protoplasm as the "physical basis of life" and considered that the property of life resulted from the distribution of molecules within this substance. Answer : (d)

Thylakoids are membrane-bound compartments inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Mitochondrion don’t have thylakoid membrane: Statement a is not correct Answer : (a)

Answer : (c)

All of nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA. Answer : (c)

A ribosome is made out of RNA and proteins, and each ribosome consists of two separate RNA-protein complexes, known as the small and large subunits. The large subunit sits on top of the small subunit, with an RNA template sandwiched between the two. Answer : (c)

The golgi apparatus is a membrane bound organelle found in most cells. It is responsible for packaging proteins into vesicles prior to secretion and therefore plays a key role in the secretory pathway. Answer : (b)

Answer : (c)

Peroxisomes are oxidative organelles Answer : (c)

Answer : (b)

Eukaryotic ribosomal subunits have sedimentent rates of 60S and 40S because they contain different rRNA molecules and proteins than prokaryotic ribosomal subunits. The two subunits combine during protein synthesis to form a complete 80S ribosome about 25nm in diameter Answer : (a)

The chloroplast contains chlorophyll within its thylakoids, which absorbs light energy and gives chloroplasts its green color. Stacks of thylakoids are known as grana, which exist in the open space of the chloroplast known as the stroma Answer : (b)

The two-carbon nitrogen ring bases adenine and guanine are purines, while the one-carbon nitrogen ring bases thymine and cytosine are pyrimidines. Answer : (a)

The GERL system is associated with biological processes such as endocytosis and exocytosis. It is comprised of (1) Golgi apparatus, (2) endoplasmic reticulum, and (3) lysosome Answer : (b)

Balbiani rings are sites of particularly active RNA synthesis on the polytene. Polytene chromosomes are large chromosomes which have thousands of DNA strands. Answer:(c)

An Elaioplast is a leucoplast that is primarily involved in storing fats or lipids inside fat droplets plastoglobuli in plants particularly in monocots and liverworts. (Option d is correct) Rhodoplast definition: a plastid found in red algae, containing red pigment as well as chlorophyll (Option a is not correct) Amyloplasts is a specialized leucoplast which stores starch and also helps in detecting gravity (geotropism). Option b is not correct Aleuroplast A leucoplast type of plastid that is involved in the storage of proteins.( Option c is not correct) Answer : (d)

Vacuoles are essentially enclosed compartments which are filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules including enzymes in solution, though in certain cases they may contain solids which have been engulfed Answer : (c)

Facilitated diffusion also known as facilitated transport or passive-mediated transport, is the process of spontaneous passive transport as opposed to active transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral protein. Therefore no ATP is consumed Statement 1 is irrelevant In Uphill transport is the transport of substances from their low concentration to their high concentration and liquid flow from higher concentration to lower concentration. But in facilitated transport substance moves from higher concentration to lower concentration. Statement 5 is irrelevant Answer : (c)

Cell sap (fluid inside the vacuole of a plant cell which serves as storage of materials) occurs in the vacuole Answer : (b)

Structurally, plant and animal cells are very similar because they are both eukaryotic cells. They both contain membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes Answer : (b)

Both mitochondria and plastids contain DNA that is different from that of the cell nucleus and that they have their own protein biosynthesis machinery Answer : (c)

Selective permeability is a property of cellular membranes that only allows certain molecules to enter or exit the cell Answer : (a)

Answer : (d)

Histone a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of plant and animal chromosomes. They contain a large proportion of the basic (positively charged) amino acids lysine, arginine, and histidine Answer : (a)

In 1665 Robert Hooke published what would become his most famous work, Micrographia (”Small Drawings”). In it he included his studies and illustrations of the crystal structure of snowflakes and first used the word cell to name the microscopic honeycomb cavities in cork Answer : (b)

All of the lysosomal enzymes are acid hydrolases, which are active at the acidic pH about 5 that is maintained within lysosomes Answer : (a)

Answer : (c)

A granum is a coin-shaped stack of thylakoidsor or lamellae, which are the membrane-like structures found inside the chloroplasts of plant cells Answer : (c)

Lysosomes are single membrane bound organelles rich in digestive enzymes, help in breakdown of large molecules like proteins, polysaccharides, lipids and nucleic acids Answer : (d)

Tonoplast is the membrane that surrounds the central or large vacuole of the plant. The tonoplast must work to keep the vacuole acidic by bringing in protons. This allows the vacuole's enzymes to break down food matter. Answer : (a)

The DNA double helix in the cell nucleus is packaged by special proteins termed histones. The formed protein/DNA complex is called chromatin. The basic structural unit of chromatin is the nucleosome. Answer : (c)

Ribosomes attached to Endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein and lipid synthesis. a= iii Free ribosomes synthesize proteins that are released into the cytosol and used within the cell or Synthesis of non-secretory proteins. b= iv Mitochondria have an important role in cellular respiration through the production of ATP, using chemical energy found in glucose and other nutrients. c = i A contractile vacuole (CV) is an organelle, or sub-cellular structure, that is involved in osmoregulation and waste removal. d = i Answer : (b)

Plant callus (plural calluses or calli) is a growing mass of unorganized plant parenchyma cells. In living plants, callus cells are those cells that cover a plant wound. Answer : (c)

Scottish botanist Robert Brown (1773-1858) was responsible for discovering the nucleus of a cell Answer : (c)

To move substances against a concentration or electrochemical gradient, a cell must use energy. Active transport mechanisms do just this, expending energy (often in the form of ATP) to maintain the right concentrations of ions and molecules in living cells. Answer : (a)

Scottish botanist Robert Brown (1773-1858) was responsible for discovering the nucleus of a cell Answer : (c)

The nucleosome core particle consists of approximately 146 base pairs (bp) of DNA wrapped in 1.67 left-handed superhelical turns around a histone octamer, consisting of 2 copies each of the core histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. Answer : (d)

Christian de Duve, whose laboratory in Louvain discovered lysosomes in 1955 and defined peroxisomes in 1965 Answer : (b)

Answer : (d)