The ribosome is a complex molecule made of ribosomal RNA molecules and proteins that form a factory for protein synthesis in cells. Answer : (c)

Red blood cells are initially produced in the bone marrow with a nucleus. They then undergo a process known as enucleation in which their nucleus is removed. Answer : (d)

Pili are short, hair-like structures on the cell surface of prokaryotic cells. Statement ‘a’ is not correct. Pilli is not present in eukaryotic cell. Statement ‘b’ is not correct. 80S Ribosomes: They occur only in eukaryotic cells. 70S ribosomes are found both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Statement ‘c’ is correct Answer : (a)

The middle lamella is made up of calcium and magnesium pectates Answer : (a)

Cell membrane of prokaryotes is structurally similar to that of eukaryotes. So, it does not differ in E. coli and Chlamydomonas Answer : (c)

Electron Transport Chain (ETC) The energy derived from the transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain is used to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the matrix to the cytosolic side Answer : (b)

Chromatin is the material that makes up a chromosome that consists of DNA and protein. The major proteins in chromatin are proteins called histones. Answer : (d)

Proline is a protein found in Collagen, which is the major insoluble fibrous protein in the extracellular matrix Answer : (d)

Plasmids were first discovered by joshua Lederberg and Hayes independently in 1952-53. Joshua described plasmids as extrachromosomal hereditary determinants. Answer : (a)

Centrosomes are associated with the poles of the mitotic spindle, and several cell types require these organelles for spindle formation. Centrioles are involved in the organization of the mitotic spindle and in the completion of cytokinesis Answer : (d)

Sphaerosomes(=spherosomes) or Oleosomes are small cell organelles bounded by single membrane which take part in storage fat, and synthesis of lipid. sphaerosomes arise from endoplasmic reticulum and are surrounded by a single. Chloroplast, peroxisome and mitochondria are three cellular organelles involved in photorespiration Answer : (d)

Statement a is not correct as Several work of cell carried out by mitochondria i.e., ATP synthesis, aerobic respiration, maternal inheritance etc. Statement b is correct as Plant and animal cells both contain membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. Both also contain similar membranes, cytosol, and cytoskeletal elements. Answer : (d)

Sieve tubes members do not have ribosomes or a nucleus and thus need companion cells to help them function as transport molecules. Answer : (a)

Answer : (a)

L - shaped or J - shaped chromosomes are called as sub-metacentric chromosomes. Answer : (d)

Plant cells store fat in Spherosome The membrane of oil droplets in plant cells is inherited through the spherosomes from the endoplasmatic reticulum. So the fat bodies actually are oil vacuoles. Answer : (c)

The primary sites of intracellular digestion are organelles known as the lysosomes, which are membrane-bounded compartments containing a variety of hydrolytic enzymes. Answer : (a)

The nucleus controls all of the cell's activities, such as growth and metabolism, using the DNA's genetic information. Within the nucleus is a smaller structure called the nucleolus, which houses the RNA (ribonucleic acid). Answer : (d)

Glyoxysomes are specialized peroxisomes found in plants (particularly in the fat storage tissues of germinating seeds) and also in filamentous fungi. Seeds that contain fats and oils include corn, soybean, sunflower, peanut and pumpkin Answer : (a)

Unit membrane refers a lipoprotein membrane which encloses many cells and cell organelles and is composed of two electron-dense layers enclosing a less dense layer. Ribosomes are non-membranous cellular organelle thus, it lacks a unit membrane, So, the correct answer is 'Ribosome'. Answer : (d)

The Golgi apparatus, also called Golgi complex or Golgi body, is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells (cells with clearly defined nuclei) that is made up of a series of flattened stacked pouches called cisternae. It is located in the cytoplasm next to the endoplasmic reticulum and near the cell nucleus. Answer : (b)

Cytochromes are iron-porphyrin (haem) proteins discovered by Mac Cunn. Cytochromes are infact, the conjugated proteins, composed of a protein molecule and a non-protein group, i.e. inorganic factor iron. It is to be noted, that cell cytochromes have iron on]y, though cyt-a3 possesses both Fe and Cu. Fe has a role in picking up of electrons and Cu hands over the electrons to oxygen. Answer : (d)

Totipotency is the ability of a cell to develop into complete individual whereas parthenogenesis is a type of sexual reproduction where zygote is formed without the opposite sex. Parasexuality is the transfer of genetic material without undergoing meiosis. Cell, when can be able to form any type of cell of the body (but not complete individual), is called the pluripotent cell. Parthenogenesis is the development of an individual from the single parent without fertilization. Hence answer A is correct. Answer : (a)

Ribosomes are made up of ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). In prokaryotes, ribosomes are roughly 40 percent protein and 60 percent rRNA. Option b is correct statement All prokaryotes have 70S (where S=Svedberg units) ribosomes while eukaryotes contain larger 80S ribosomes in their cytosol. The 70S ribosome is made up of a 50S and 30S subunits. Option a is not correct statement Ribosomes are special because they are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Option c is not correct statement. Self-splicing introns, or ribozymes capable of catalyzing their own excision from their parent RNA molecule, Some RNA molecules have the capacity to splice themselves. Option d is not correct statement Answer : (b)

ln C4 plants, agranal chloroplasts are found in bundle sheath cells Answer : (c)

Both animal and plant cells have mitochondria, but only plant cells have chloroplasts. Plants don't get their sugar from eating food, so they need to make sugar from sunlight. Because animals get sugar from the food they eat, they do not need chloroplasts: just mitochondria Answer : (a)

Glyoxysomes (as all peroxisomes) contain enzymes that initiate the breakdown of fatty acids and additionally possess the enzymes to produce intermediate products for the synthesis of sugars by gluconeogenesis. Peroxisomes or glyoxysomes are found in all major groups of eukaryotic organisms including yeasts, fungi, protozoa, plants and animals Answer : (c)

Plant cells store fat in Spherosome Answer : (c)

Cells make up organs and organs make up systems and systems make up organisms. Each cell must be able to perform as a part of a living organism. Cell specialization is required for cells to perform as a part of a whole living thing. Answer : (a)

Glycogen is a polysaccharide that is the principal storage form of glucose (Glc) in animal and human cells. Answer : (b)

Lysosome is single membrane organelle Answer : (c)

Answer : (d)

Polytene chromosomes are found in dipteran flies: the best understood are those of Drosophila, Chironomus and Rhynchosciara. Polytene chromosomes are produced when repeated rounds of DNA replication without cell division forms a giant chromosome. Answer : (a)

The volume of cells given is wrong Most cells are tiny with a volume range of 1-100 cubic micrometers. The statement ’a’ is false. Translocation is the movement of materials from leaves to other tissues throughout the plant. Nutrients, mainly sugars, are created in the leaves during photosynthesis. These are then transported throughout the plant through phloem, The statement ’d’ is false. According to cell theory new cells arise from existing cells. The statement ’e’ is false. Answer : (b)

Cork cells are made impervious by the deposition of suberin onto cell walls Answer : (c)

Amyloplasts is a specialized leucoplast which stores starch and also helps in detecting gravity (geotropism) Answer : (b)

Protein glycosylation is an enzyme-directed chemical reaction that takes place in the ER(Endoplasmic Reticulum) and in the Golgi Apparatus body of the cell. Glycosylation is the reaction in which a carbohydrate, i.e. a glycosyl donor, is attached to a hydroxyl or other functional group of another molecule (a glycosyl acceptor) Answer : (b)

Cell wall are fully permeable to water, molecules, and proteins. This allows water and nutrients to be freely exchanged between the plant cells. Answer : (a)

Mesosomes are areas in the cell membrane of prokaryotic (bacterial) cells that fold inward. They play a role in cellular respiration Answer:(b)

The osmotic expansirn of a cell kept in weter is chiefly regulated by vacuole. vacuole store water and macromolecules including ions, sugar, amino and, protein and carbohydrates. The membrane that surrounds the vacuole is called tonoplast The vacuole contains cell sap in it. Answer:(d)

Centrioles/basal bodies (CBBs) are microtubule-based cylindrical organelles that nucleate the formation of centrosomes, cilia, and flagella. CBBs, cilia, and flagella are ancestral structures; they are present in all major eukaryotic groups. a = iv The chloroplast contains chlorophyll within its thylakoids, b = ii The inner membrane forms a number of infoldings in mitochondria. These infoldings are known as cristae, c = i A ribozyme is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) enzyme that catalyzes a chemical reaction, d - iii Answer:(c)

Nuclear envelope is a derivative of rough endoplasmic reticulum. It is formed during telophase by fusion of vesicles into which the nuclear envelope develops, during prophase. The perinuclear space present between two membranes of nuclear envelope runs continuous with channels of the ER aiding in shrinkage or expansion of envelope. Answer:(a)

Grana (plural of 'granum') are stacks of structures called thylakoids, which are little disks of membrane on which the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place. Chloroplasts can have from 10 to 100 grana Answer:(c)

Ribosomes do not contain DNA. Ribosomes contain RNA and proteins Answer:(c)

Rough endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Its main function is to produce proteins. Option ‘a’ and ‘d’ are not correct The smooth endoplasmic reticulum functions in many metabolic processes. It synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membranes, and steroids. Option ‘b’ is not correct and Option ‘c’ is correct Answer:(c)

Cytochromes are present on the cristate, i.e. inner foldings of mitochondria. Answer:(d)

Mitochondrion and chloroplast are semi autonomous organelles as it posses its own DNA. Statement a is correct Mitochondrion and chloroplast Formed by division of pre-existing organelles and they contain DNA and protein synthesizing machinery. Statement ‘b’ is not correct Answer:(c)

Microtubules are structures present in cilia, flagella, centrioles and spindle fibres. They are also the part of fibres found in cytoskeleton. Answer:(b)

Lysosomes is enclosed by a single membrane Answer:(c)

SER is the site for synthesis of lipids. Answer:(b)