Protein + Carbohydrate → Glycosylation Lipid + Carbohydrate → Glycosidation Answer:(d)

Answer:(d)

Large central vacuoles are found in plant cells Answer:(d)

The short attachment pili or fimbriae are organelles of adhesion allowing bacteria to colonize environmental surfaces or cells and resist flushing. Answer:(d)

Lysosome containing hydrolytic enzymes Answer:(c)

Mitochondria are the site of aerobic oxidation of carbohydrates to generate ATP. Answer:(d)

Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack organelles or other internal membrane-bound structures. Therefore, they do not have a nucleus, but, instead, generally have a single chromosome: a piece of circular, double-stranded DNA located in an area of the cell called the nucleoid. Answer:(b)

Ribosomes are different from other organelles because they have no membrane around them that separates them from other organelles Answer:(c)

Ribosomes are different from other organelles because they have no membrane around them that separates them from other organelles Thus option b, c and d are not correct Answer:(a)

Protoplast a biological term coined by Hanstein in 1880 to refer to the entire cell, excluding the cell wall Answer:(a)

A thylakoid is a sheet-like membrane-bound structure that is the site of the light-dependent photosynthesis reactions in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. a = iii Cristae is In foldings in mitochondria b = iv The flat, disc shaped sacs of golgi boby is known as cisternae c= (i) Chromatin fibers are coiled and condensed to form chromosomes. d=(ii) Answer:(c)

A Balbiani ring is a large chromosome puff. Balbiani rings are diffused uncoiled regions of the polytene chromosome that are sites of RNA transcription and protein synthesis Answer:(a)

The nucleolus is the most conspicuous domain in the eukaryotic cell nucleus, whose main function is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and ribosome biogenesis. Answer : (d)

Secretory vesicles are tiny little packages in which certain cell secretions can be transported. The vesicles are membrane bound and produced by the golgi apparatus or endoplasmic reticulum Answer : (b)

Pseudopodia are the finger-like projections and are the locomotory organs of protozoans. For example, Amoeba. Option a is wrong statement hence answer ‘a’ Cell wall is present in the members of both kingdom Fungi and Plantae. Fungi have a cell wall made up of chitin and fungal cellulose in some members while plants cell wall is made up of cellulose and hemicellulose. Option b is correct statement Mitochondria is called powerhouse of the cell because these are associated with the cellular respiration. Mitochondria is present only in eukaryotes and absent in prokaryotes i.e. in members of kingdom Monera. Option c is correct statement Mushrooms belong to the class Basidiomycetes of kingdom Fungi. For example, Agaricus. Option d is correct statement Answer : (c)

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen plays four major protein processing roles: 1. folding/refolding of the polypeptide, 2. glycosylation of the protein, 3. assembly of multi-subunit proteins, and 4. packaging of proteins into vesicles. Phospholipids are synthesized in mitochondria or perosixomes option d correct Answer : (d)

A Nissl body, also known as Nissl substance and Nissl material, is a large granular body found in neurons. These granules are of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) with rosettes of free ribosomes, and are the site of protein synthesis. Answer : (d)

Answer:(d)

Lysosomes and Vacuoles do not have DNA Answer:(c)

In mitochondria, enzymes for electron transport are present in the inner membrane Answer:(b)

Sub metacentric chromosome is Heterobrachial. Short arm designated as 'p' arm (p = petite i.e. short) Long arm designated as 'q' arm Answer:(a)

Answer:(d)

Answer:(d)

Dr. Joachim Hammerling determined that the nucleus controls the development of organisms by containing the hereditary information or DNA from his grafting experimentation on the green algae Acetabularia Answer:(a)

Before a cell divides, the centrosome is made up of two centrioles inside a mass of cell material containing about 100 different proteins. Answer:(a)

There are six basic steps of Gram staining in bacteria 1. Apply a smear of bacteria on to a slide. Air dry and then heat fix by passing it through a flame a few times. Make sure you air dry the bacteria before heat fixing. 2. Add about 5 drops of Hucker’s Crystal Violet to the culture. Let stand for one minute. Bacteria will stain purple. Wash briefly with water and shake off excess. (iii) and (ii) In List 3. Add about 5 drops of iodine solution to the culture. Let stand for 30 seconds, wash briefly with water and shake off excess. (iv) in list 4. Tilt slide and decolorize with solvent (acetone-alcohol solution) until purple color stops running. Be careful not to over-decolorize. Wash immediately (within 5 seconds) with water and shake off excess. (i) in List 5. Add about 5 drops of Safranine O. Let stand for one minute, wash briefly with water and shake off excess. 6. Examine under microscope at both 400x and 1,000x oil immersion. Answer:(d)

Mitochondria" was coined by Carl Benda Option ‘a’ wrongly matched The term nucleolus was coined by Bowman Christian de Duve, discovered lysosomes. Microtubules discovered by De Robertis and Franchi Answer:(b)

Cholesterol functions to immobilise the outer surface of the membrane, reducing fluidity. It makes the membrane less permeable to very small water-soluble molecules that would otherwise freely cross. option (a) correct match The cell wall is a tough, usually flexible but fairly rigid layer that surrounds the plant cells. It is located just outside the cell membrane and it provides the cells with structural support and protection. Lecithin describes a group of fatty substances found in plant and animal tissues. Lecithin is essential for proper biological function.option (b) mismatch Hopanoids are amphipathic components of bacterial cell membranes and maintain membrane stability by increasing rigidity in the lipid matrixoption (c) correct match Ergosterol is a sterol that resides on the cell membranes of fungi and acts to maintain cell membrane integrity, similar to mammalian cholesterol.option (d) correct maths Answer:(b)

Answer:(d)

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential component of plasmodesmata, the membrane-lined pores that interconnect plant cells. The desmotubule which traverses the centre of a plasmodesma is formed from, and continuous with, the cortical ER. The desmotubule, also known as the appressed ER, forms alongside the cortical ER Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. Answer:(a)

peroxisomes—unlike lysosomes—are not part of the endomembrane system. That means they don't receive vesicles from the Golgi apparatus Answer:(d)

A plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded extrachromosomal DNA. Answer:(c)

Centrifugation separates the cell organelles on the basis of their sedimentation coefficient and can be used to obtain mitochondria for biochemical analysis. Answer:(d)

Flagellin is a globular protein that arranges itself in a hollow cylinder to form the filament in a bacterial flagellum. Answer:(b)

Answer:(a)

The nucleolus is the distinct structure present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Nucleolus It is mainly involved in assembling the ribosomes, modification of transfer RNA and sensing cellular stress. Therefore (R) is false Answer:(c)

Microfilament functions include cytokinesis, amoeboid movement, cell motility, changes in cell shape, endocytosis and exocytosis, cell contractility, and mechanical stability. Answer:(a)

Answer:(a)

The Golgi apparatus of plant cells consists of about 10-20 individual subunits that found scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Each individual subunit is called a dictyosome or Golgi body or Golgi stack. The zone of clear cytoplasm surrounding a Golgi body is called zone of exclusion Answer:(a)

Answer:(b)

Theodor Schwann in 1839, who viewed live cells in plant and animal tissue, respectively. 19 years later, Rudolf Virchow further contributed to the cell theory, adding that all cells come from the division of pre-existing cells. Now study of cell is called Cell biology is a branch of biology studying the structure and function of the cell, also known as the basic unit of life. Answer:(a)

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), in biology, a continuous membrane system that forms a series of flattened sacs within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and serves multiple functions, being important particularly in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins Answer:(d)

prokaryotes have no nucleus; instead their genetic material is free-floating within the cell. They also lack the many membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells. Thus, prokaryotes have no mitochondria Answer:(d)

Answer:(a)

Basis of comparison	Active transport	Passive
Meaning	The movement of molecules across the cell membrane, pumping the molecules against the concentration gradient The movement of molecules across the cell membrane, pumping the molecules against the concentration gradient using ATP (energy) is called as Active transport.	The movement of molecules within and across the cell membrane and thus transporting it through the concentration gradient, without using ATP (energy) is called as
Movement of molecules	The movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration, that means they move against the concentration gradient. It is the rapid process, which occurs in one direction.	The movement of molecules is from low concentration to high concentration, which means they move along the concentration gradient. It is a slow and bidirectional process
Type of molecules which are transported	Macromolecules like proteins, carbohydrate (sugars), lipids, large cell are few of the materials which are transported by this way.	Oxygen, monosaccharides, water, carbon dioxide, lipids are the few soluble materials which are being transported through this way.
ATP (energy) requirement	There is the required energy, which is in the form of ATP	No energy is required.
Types	Endocytosis, Exocytosis, Proton pumps and Sodium potassium pumps.	Osmosis and Diffusion.
Function	Though the function of both types of transport is to carry ions and molecules, separately active transport is used to carry through the cell membrane.	It is used to maintain the equilibrium, within and outside the cell of nutrients, water and gases, etc.

Answer:(d)

Lysosomes digest many complex molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, which the cell Answer:(b)

Answer:(c)

Protein synthesis is a complex process, it essentially involves DNA for the synthesis of mRNA (transcription) which contains information for the synthesis of proteins (translation). The process of translation takes place on ribosomes which are found in cytoplasm (in attached form on ER) and in mitochondria (in the free form). Answer:(a)

Answer:(b)

Mitochondria, often referred to as the “powerhouses of the cell”, were first discovered in 1857 by physiologist Albert von Kolliker, and later coined “bioblasts” (life germs) by Richard Altman in 1886. The organelles were then renamed “mitochondria” by Carl Benda twelve years later Answer:(b)