Lysosomes are known to contain more than 60 different enzymes, and have more than 50 membrane proteins. Enzymes of the lysosomes are synthesised in the rough endoplasmic reticulum Answer : (d)

Single Membrane bound Organelles: Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Vacuoles Glyoxysomes are specialized peroxisomes found in plants Organelles lacking any membrane: Ribosomes, Centrioles, Nucleolus Nucleus and Ribosomes Answer : (d)

Single Membrane bound Organelles: Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Vacuoles Glyoxysomes are specialized peroxisomes found in plants Organelles lacking any membrane: Ribosomes, Centrioles, Nucleolus Nucleus and Ribosomes Double Membrane bound Organelles: Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Body, and Nucleus Answer : (b)

Flower colors of red, pink, blue and purple come mainly from the pigments called anthocyanins, which are in the class of chemicals called flavanoids (what gives plants their color). Other pigments are carotenoids, found in tomatoes and carrots, that provide yellow, red and orange in the plastids Answer : (c)

Ribosomes consist of two major components: the small ribosomal subunits, which read the RNA, and the large subunits, which join amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. Each subunit consists of one or more ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules and a variety of ribosomal proteins (r-protein or rProtein). Answer : (b)

Golgi apparatus is absent in bacteria, blue-green algae, mature sperms and red blood cells of mammals and other animals. Answer : (c)

The plasma membrane is primarily composed of phospholipids arranged in a bilayer, with the hydrophobic tails on the interior of the membrane, and the hydrophilic heads pointing outward Answer : (c)

Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming, the movement of the fluid substance (cytoplasm) within a plant or animal cell If one of the proteins remains fixed on a substrate, such as a microfilament or a microtubule, the motor proteins can move organelles and other molecules through the cytoplasm Sensitive plant shows movement due to thigmonasty. In this mechanosensory response, water within the cells and other cell contents apply a certain amount of force against the cell walls of the plant; this is called turgor pressure Answer : (d)

The term thylakoid is the name coined by Menke (1962) to describe the internal photosynthetic mem- branes of chloroplasts. Answer : (c)

The lipid composition of the outer membrane of chloroplast has been found to be 48% phospholipids, 46% galactolipids and 7% sulfolipids, while the inner membrane has been found to contain 16% phospholipids, 79% galactolipids and 5% sulfolipids in spinach chloroplasts. Answer : (a)

Reaction	ΔG [kJ/mol]
ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi	-30.5
ADP + H2O → AMP + Pi	-30.5
ATP + H2O → AMP + PPi	-40.6
PPi + H2O → 2 Pi	-31.8

High-energy phosphate can mean one of two things: The phosphate-phosphate bonds formed when compounds such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are created. Energy released by high energy phosphate reactions Answer : (d)

Lysosomes are membrane-bounded organelles stores a lot of digestive and hydrolysing enzymes. Lysosomal enzymes help macrophagic cells to digest cell debris that they remove. The enzymes could also be released inside the cell to achieve cell lysis Answer : (c)

The nucleolus is a structure found in the nucleus of cells and it forms around specific chromosomal regions in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, and is made up of proteins and ribonucleic acids. Its main function is to transcribe ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and combine it with proteins to form incomplete ribosomes Answer : (b)

Cellular Totipotency is the ability of a single cell to produce all cell types and to organize them into an entire organism when cultured in a suitable culture medium at an appropriate temperature and aeration conditions. Spores and Zygote are examples of totipotent cells. Plant cells are also totipotent, which helps to explain why a graft of a plant can generate a whole new individual out of just a small branch cutting. Answer : (b)

The endomembrane system includes: the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and the plasma membrane. The functions of the mitochondria, chloroplasts and peroxisomes are not coordinated with the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes and vacuoles. Hence, they are not part of the endomembrane system. Answer : (a)

Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm Answer:(b)

Dynein is a family of cytoskeletal motor proteins that move along microtubules in cells. They convert the chemical energy stored in ATP to mechanical work. Dynein transports various cellular cargos, provides forces and displacements important in mitosis, and drives the beat of eukaryotic cilia and flagella The regulation of axonemal dynein activity is critical for flagellar beat frequency and cilia waveform. Modes of axonemal dynein regulation include phosphorylation, redox, and calcium. Mechanical forces on the axoneme also affect anoxemal dynein function. The heavy chains of inner and outer arms of axonemal dynein are phosphorylated/dephosphorylated to control the rate of microtubule sliding. Answer : (a)

The outer membrane surrounds the mitochondria. It is a semi-permeable membrane similar to the cell membrane. The inner membrane is impermeable. The folds created by the inner membrane are known as the cristae, which contain proteins and molecules that participate in cellular respiration. Answer : (b)

The basic repeating unit of nucleic acids are known as nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of three distinct chemical groups, a 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), a nitrogen-rich base - (cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A), thymine (T) in DNA or uracil (U) instead of T (in RNA), and phosphate. Answer : (d)

plastids are cell organelles which are found only in plant cell but not in animal cell. plastids contain pigments for photosynthesis and which provide colour to plant parts. Even then they function properly and divide mitotically similar to plant cells.- Answer : (d)

Higher-power light microscopes can typically have magnifications up to around 1000×. At this magnification, objects as small as 1 or 2 μm can be seen. Answer : (a)

Different species of bacteria have different numbers and arrangements of flagella. Monotrichous bacteria have a single flagellum (e.g., Vibrio cholerae). Lophotrichous bacteria have multiple flagella located at the same spot on the bacterial surfaces which act in concert to drive the bacteria in a single direction. Amphitrichous bacteria have a single flagellum on each of two opposite ends Peritrichous bacteria have flagella projecting in all directions (e.g., E. coli). Answer : (d)

The main function of sphaerosomes is to help in lipid metabolism Answer : (c)

An acentric fragment is a segment of a chromosome that lacks a centromere. Because the centromere is the point of attachment for the mitotic apparatus, acentric fragments are not evenly distributed to the daughter cells in cell division (mitosis and meiosis). Answer : (a)

The most abundant membrane lipids are the phospholipids. These have a polar head group and two hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails. Answer : (c)

Cytology: The medical and scientific study of cells. Histology :the study of the microscopic structure of tissues. Morphology is a branch of biology dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features the branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts. Answer : (b)

Golgi Apparatus: Basophilic ergastoplasm along with Golgi apparatus helps in synthesizing secretory granules Answer : (b)

Nostoc is a prokaryote. Prokaryotic cells lack membrane bound organelles and well organized nucleus, that is nuclear envelope is absent in these cells. Answer : (c)

Karyotyping is a test to examine chromosomes in a sample of cells. This test can help identify genetic problems as the cause of a disorder or disease. Karyotypes used for to study chromosomal aberrations, cellular function, taxonomic relationships, and to gather information about past evolutionary events. Answer : (b)

Leaf peroxisomes are unique as compared to microbodies of heterotrophic organisms because they play an important role in a photosynthesis-related pathway, referred to as photorespiration Answer : (a)

A mitoplast is a mitochondrion that has been stripped of its outer membrane leaving the inner membrane intact. On the basis of presence of pigments, the plastids are of two types: (i) the chromoplasts (chromatophores) having pigment, and (ii) the leucoplasts Chromoplasts: 1. Chloroplasts 2. Phaeoplast 3. Rhodoplasts 4. Chromatophores Leucoplasts: 1.Amyloplasts 2. Elaioplasts 3. Proteinoplasts (aleuroneplasts) Answer : (b)

Answer : (d)

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes of carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones. including cholesterol and phospholipids Answer : (d)

Smooth ER is largely associated with lipid (fat) manufacture and metabolism and steroid production hormone production. It also has a detoxification function. Answer : (c)

Virus do not have nucleus and protoplasm hence they do not show characteristics of life until and unless they enter into a living organism and use their cell machinery to multiply. That’s why they are exception to cell theory. Viruses are not made out of cells, they can't keep themselves in a stable state, they don't grow, and they can't make their own energy. Even though they definitely replicate and adapt to their environment, viruses are more like androids than real living organisms. Answer : (b)

RNA contains two things that DNA does not: ribose and uracil. Answer : (c)

Answer:(c)

The Golgi apparatus of plant cells consists of about 10-20 individual subunits that found scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Each individual subunit is called a dictyosome or Golgi body or Golgi stack. The zone of clear cytoplasm surrounding a Golgi body is called zone of exclusion Answer : (d)

A plant cell wall consists primarily of carbohydrates, like pectins, cellulose and hemicellulose. It also has structural proteins in smaller amounts and some minerals such as silicon. All of these components are vital parts of the cell wall. Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate and consists of thousands of glucose monomers that form long chains. These chains come together and form cellulose microfibrils, which are several nanometers in diameter. The microfibrils help control the growth of the cell by limiting or allowing its expansion. Answer : (c)

The most common form of a microtubule consists of 13 protofilaments in the tubular arrangement. Microtubules are very important in a number of cellular processes. They are involved in maintaining the structure of the cell and, together with microfilaments and intermediate filaments, they form the cytoskeleton. Answer : (b)

Nucleolus was originally discovered by Fontana. It is naked, roughly rounded darkly stained structure that is attached to chromatin at specific point called nuclear organizer region. Answer : (c)

Ribosomes are found in every major cell type and are the site of protein synthesis Answer : (a)

Mitochondria and plastids are semi-autonomous cell organelles which contain their own DNA and protein synthesizing machinery. They arise from pre-existing cells and their functions are partially controlled by nucleus of cell and partially themselves. Answer : (c)

Cellular Totipotency is the ability of a single cell to produce all cell types and to organize them into an entire organism when cultured in a suitable culture medium at an appropriate temperature and aeration conditions. Spores and Zygote are examples of totipotent cells Answer : (c)

Glucose 6-phosphate is a glucose sugar phosphorylated at the hydroxy group on carbon 6. The phosphorylation adds a charged phosphate group so the glucose 6-phosphate cannot easily cross the cell membrane. Answer : (d)

The citric acid cycle — also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), In eukaryotes, the citric acid cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria, just like the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA . In prokaryotes, these steps both take place in the cytoplasm. Answer : (b)

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a type of DNA located outside the nucleus in the liquid portion of the cell (cytoplasm) and inside cellular organelles called mitochondria Plastid DNA exists as large protein-DNA complexes associated with the inner envelope membrane and called 'plastid nucleoids'. Chloroplasts have their own DNA, often abbreviated as cpDNA Chromosomes are made up of a DNA-protein complex called chromatin that is organized into subunits called nucleosomes. Answer : (a)

Quantasomes are particles found in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts in which photosynthesis takes place. Answer : (b)

The sieve tube members are living cells (which do not contain a nucleus) that are responsible for transporting carbohydrates throughout the plant. Answer : (b)

In metabolic process the maximum energy is given by fats . Answer : (b)