Answer : (c)

Answer : (d)

Hexokinase catalyse the conversion of Glucose to Glucose-6 phosphate. It is the first step of activation phase of glycolysis Answer : (b)

Answer : (b)

Answer : (d)

Answer : (d)

The electrons from from NADH and FADH2 flow through the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane generating a H+ buildup in the inner membrane space. Answer : (b)

The production of ATP using the process of chemiosmosis in mitochondria is called oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is the process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH 2 to O2 by a series of electron carriers. where electron transport from the energy precursors from the citric acid cycle leads to the phosphorylation of ADP, producing ATP. Answer : (c)

Malic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H6O5. It is a dicarboxylic acid that is made by all living organisms, contributes to the sour taste of fruits, and is used as a food additive.a – 5 Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) chemical formula C23H38N7O17P3S Its main function is to deliver the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for energy production b – 1 α-ketoglutaric acid Chemical formula: C5H6O5 c – 4 Pyruvate , the conjugate base, CH3COCOO-, is a key intermediate in several metabolic pathways throughout the cell. d – 2 Answer : (b)

given dtata belongs to Steps in Glycolysis In steps 4 and 5, aldolase and triose phosphate isomerase effectively convert one molecule of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Thus, phase I of glycolysis requires energy in the form of two molecules of ATP and releases none of the energy stored in glucose. Phase two flow diagram is as follows Answer : (d)

Prokaryotic cells carry out cellular respiration within the cytoplasm or on the inner surfaces of the cells. More emphasis here will be placed on eukaryotic cells where the mitochondria are the site of most of the reactions. Answer : (a)

Electron Transport Chain of Cellular Respiration - Oxidative Phosphorylation NADH is oxidized and FMN ( complex I) is reduced FMN is oxidized as it passes electrons to an iron sulfur protein, FeS(complex I) FeS is oxidized as it pass electrons to ubiquinone Q. FADH2 enters at complex II to , bypassing complex I Q passes electrons on to a succession of electron carriers ( in complex III and IIV), most of which are cytochromes Cyt a3, the last cytochrome passes electrons to oxygen Answer : (b)

The respiratory quotient (or RQ or respiratory coefficient), is a dimensionless number used in calculations of basal metabolic rate (BMR) when estimated from carbon dioxide production. It is calculated from the ratio of carbon dioxide produced by the body to oxygen consumed by the body. C4H60 + 3 02 → 4C02 + 3H20 RQ = 4 C02/3 02 or 1.3 malic acid Since RQ > 1, CO2 > O2 Answer : (a)

The net gain of high-energy compounds from one cycle is 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP. NADH and FADH2 gives electrons to oxygen to produce water and ATP One NADH give 3ATP One FADH2 gives 2 ATP One GTP gives 1ATP Therefore total electrons produced = 3×3 + 2×1 +1 = 12ATP Answer : (b)

The Krebs cycle uses the two molecules of pyruvic acid formed in glycolysis and yields high-energy molecules of NADH and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2), as well as some ATP Answer : (c)

a) oxaloacetic acid: HO₂CCCH₂CO₂H. : 4 carbon atoms b) citric acid Formula: C6H8O7 : 6 carbon atoms c) α ketoglutaric acid Chemical formula : C5H6O5 : 5 carbon atom d) Succinic acid Formula: C4H6O4 : 4 carbon atoms e) Malic acid formula C4H6O5 : 4 carbon atoms Answer : (a)

Oxidative phosphorylation is a process involving a flow of electrons through the electron transport chain, a series of proteins and electron carriers within the mitochondrial membrane. This flow of electrons allows the electron transport chain to pump protons to one side of the mitochondrial membrane Oxidative phosphorylation is the process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 by a series of electron carriers. This process, which takes place in mitochondria, is the major source of ATP in aerobic organisms Answer : (b)

RQ = moles of CO2 Produced/ moles ofO2 consumed RQ = 102/146 = 0.703 = 0.7 Answer : (a)

Hydrolysis of one gram mole of ATP releases about 470 kJ of useful energy. hydrolysis of a single ATP molecule, about 10-19 J Statement "a" is not correct Frank Dickens, Bernard Horecker, Fritz Lipmann and Efraim Racker in the 1950s that explained the entire pentose phosphate pathway, sttaemnt "b" correct 2(C51H9806)(tripalmitin) + 14502 → 102C02 + 98H20 RQ = 102C02/14502 = 0.7 statement "c" correct one molecule of glucose produces 38 ATP molecules, thus energy produced = 38× 10-19 J. Statement "d" is not correct Answer : (b)

The first reaction of the Krebs cycle is the condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate to form citrate, catalyzed by citrate synthase. Once oxaloacetate is joined with acetyl-CoA, a water molecule attacks the acetyl leading to the release of coenzyme A from the comple Answer : (d)

Oxidation of Oxidation of succinic acid is not a part of Krebs cycle Answer : (c)

Answer : (d)

Glycolysis is the first stage of the breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm of the cell without using oxygen (electron acceptor). It is a stepwise process in which one molecule of glucose breaks into two molecules of pyruvic acid and a net gain of energy is 2 ATP and 2NADH2 molecules. The stepwise breakdown of the respiratory substrate to CO2 and H2O in presence of oxygen is referred as aerobic respiration. It is a catabolic process and generates a large amount of energy to form ATP. Anaerobic respiration in micro-organisms are called fermentation. These fermentation pathways consist of glycolysis with some extra reactions tacked on at the end. Alcoholic fermentation is a breakdown of glucose into ethyl alcohol and CO2 in presence of enzyme of micro-organism. Photorespiration is light-induced oxidation of photosynthetic intermediates with the help of oxygen without releasing energy. Answer : (d)

Glucose → Acetyl-CoA → Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) Answer : (c)

NAD+ covereted to NADH and removal of CO2 as shown in following equation Answer : (d)

The electron transport chain for respiration occurs in the inner membrane layer of the mitochondria. In eukaryotes the ETC is located within mitochondria. Prokaryotes have ETC associated with inner plasma membrane Answer : (d)

The Krebs cycle (named after Hans Krebs) is a part of cellular respiration. Its other names are the citric acidity cycle, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). The "Krebs cycle" is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms in their energy conversion processes Answer : (c)

Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid is catalyzed by the enzyme complex - pyruvate dehydrogenase. Pyruvate kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate and ADP to pyruvate and ATP in glycolysis Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) is an enzyme that reversibly catalyzes the oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate using the reduction of NAD+ to NADH. Succinic dehydrogenase enzymes catalyses the oxidation of succinate into fumarate in the Krebs cycle Answer : (b)

oxidation of acetyl CoA and the reduced coenzymes is coupled to the formation of a proton-motive force that powers ATP formation. Every acetyl-CoA yields 3 NADH + 1 FADH2 + 1 GTP (=ATP) We generally say that you get 3 ATPs per NADH and 2 per FADH2, 1ATP per GTP 3×3 = 9 ATP 2×1 = 2ATP 1×1 = 1ATP Total =12 ATP Answer : (a)

For glucose, with the molecular formula, C6H12O6, the complete oxidation equation is C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O. Thus, the RQ= 6 CO2/ 6 O2=1 Answer : (a)