Answer:(d)

Answer:(b)

Answer:(a)

Answer:(b)

Answer:(c)

Answer:(d)

Vegetative propagation is the method of propagation of plant by vegetative parts of the plant. Eyes of potato, rhizome of ginger, bulbil of agave is an example of vegetative propagation. Chlamydomonas is biflagellate and reproduces asexually by zoospores. The zoospores are identical to the parent cell in structure but smaller in size. It is not a vegetative part. Answer:(a)

Answer:(d)

Answer:(b)

Fragmentation is the only known method of reproduction in the free floating species of sargassum Sargassum is a genus of brown (class Phaeophyceae) macroalgae (seaweed) in the order Fucales. Numerous species are distributed throughout the temperate and tropical oceans of the world, where they generally inhabit shallow water and coral reefs, and the genus is widely known for its planktonic (free-floating) species. Answer:(d)

(a) Allogamy is defined as fertilization of ovum of a flower by the pollen of another flower on the different plant. (b) Fusion of dissimilar gametes is fertilization. It takes place during sexual reproduction where the male and female gametes fuse to form a zygote. (c) Dichogamy is a condition when the stamens and pistils of a flower mature at different times to prevent self-fertilization. (d) Autogamy is the phenomena of fusion of gametes produced from the same individual. It involves the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same flower. Answer:(b)

Vegetative propagules for the following are as follows: (a) Leaf buds of Bryophyllum daigremontianum (b) Adventitious buds develop on the ordinary roots of Dalbergia sisoo, Populus, Guava, Murraya sp, etc. which grow to form new plants. (c) vegetative propagation of Albizia lebbek species is done through stem cuttings. (d) Eyes of Solanum tuberosum Answer:(a)

explant culture is a technique to organotypically culture cells from a piece or pieces of tissue or organ removed from a plant or animal. Answer:(c)

Budding is a type of asexual reproduction which does not involve fusion of gametes. A new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site. Sexual reproduction involves formation and fusion of gametes. parthenocarpy is the natural or artificially induced production of fruit without fertilisation of ovules, which makes the fruit seedless. regeneration is the process of renewal, restoration, and growth that makes genomes, cells, organisms, and ecosystems resilient to natural fluctuations or events that cause disturbance or damage. Answer:(c)

Totipotency is the ability of a cell to divide. F.C steward was first to illustrate the capacity of cellular totipotency Answer:(b)

Hydra reproduces by asexual mode of reproduction. It reproduces by budding. Budding is a type of asexual reproduction which does not involve the fusion of gametes. Answer:(b)

(a) Micropropagation is the rapid vegetative propagation of plants under in vitro conditions of high light intensity, controlled temperature and a defined nutrient medium. (b) Budding, oftenly called bud grafting, is an artificial method of asexual or vegetative propagation in plants. (c) Sowing is the process of planting. (d) Layering is a means of plant propagation in which a portion of an above-ground stem grows roots while still attached to the parent plant and then detaches as an independent plant. Answer:(c)

Chrysanthemum is propagated vegetatively either through root suckers or terminal cuttings taken from these mother plants. Answer:(c)

Hybridization barrier means limited interbreeding between two populations which reduces the variability. Embryo rescue or culture is a technique which allows the plant to overcome the hybridization barrier by mixing the genetic pool of two population. Embryo rescue or embryo culture is a technique which nurtures the immature or weak embryo, thus allowing it the chance to survive. Plant embryos are multicellular structures that have the potential to develop into a new plant. It allows the breeding of incompatible interspecific and intergeneric species and helps to overcome the hybridisation barrier. So, the correct answer is option a. Answer:(a)

Totipotency is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of differentiated cells in an organism. And in plants there is only meristems which divides to produce differentiated cell and help in growth of plant Answer:(c)

Totipotent: Having unlimited capability. A totipotent cell has the capacity to form an entire organism Answer:(a)

Members of the Kingdom Fungi and simple plants such as algae reproduce through special asexual reproductive structures. The most common of these structures are zoospores that usually are microscopic motile structures. Other common asexual reproductive structures are conidia (Penicillium), buds (Hydra) and gemmules (sponge) Vegetative propagules in angiosperms: (a) Eyes of potato; (b) Rhizome of ginger;(c) Bulbil of Agave; (d) Leaf buds of Bryophyllum; (e) Offset of water hyacinth Answer:(a)

Somaclonal variation is the variation seen in plants that have been produced by plant tissue culture. Somaclonal variation is defined as genetic variation observed among progeny of plants regenerated from somatic cells cultured in vitro Answer:(d)

Following the work of Skoog and Miller it is now well established that the auxin-cytokinin ratio used in culture media determines the degree of shoot and/or root formation in tissue culture. A high ratio of cytokinin to auxin favours shoot production, whereas a high auxin to cytokinin ratio favours root production. Answer:(c)

Dolly the sheep becomes first successfully cloned mammal. Answer:(c)

In grass the meristem allows the damaged leaves to grow rapidly. Therefore, clipping of leaves at the base helps in quicker regeneration of grass leaves. Answer:(d)

The term ‘parthenogenesis’ was coined by Richard Owen in 1849, who defined it as the successive production of procreating individuals from a single ovum Answer:(b)

Isogamy sexual reproduction by the fusion of similar gametes. Monocystis is an endoparasite in the seminal vesicle and coelom of earthworms. Fusing gametes do not differ morphologically but may be different physiologically. The isogamous gametes fuses to form zygote which develops into sporoblast, sporocyst, trophozoite and finally, to young trophozoite. Answer:(c)

Binary fission in organisms can occur in four ways, irregular,longitudinal, transverse, oblique.i.e.left oblique & right oblique Irregular: In this fission, cytokinesis may take place along any plane but it is always perpendicular to the plane of karyokinesis. e.g. amoeba Longitudinal: Here cytokinesis takes place along the longitudinal axis. e.g. in flagellates like Euglena. Transverse: Here cytokinesis takes place along the transverse axis. e.g. in ciliate protozoans like amoeba or paramecium. Oblique: In this type of binary fission cytokinesis occurs obliquely. e.g. Ceratium Sporulation : During favourable condition, the encysted amoeba or paramecium divides by multiple fission and produces many minute amoebae or pseudopodiospores; the cyst wall burst out, and the spores are liberated in the surrounding medium to grow up into many amoebae. This phenomenon is known as sporulation. Answer:(b)

Answer:(c)