External water is not required for fertilization in gymnosperms and angiosperms (spermatophytes). In pteridophytes fertilization takes place in presence of water. At the time of fertilization neck canal cells and ventral canal cell disintegrate forming a passage for antherozoids to enter inside. Water is essential to facilitate the act of fertilization in bryophytes. The male gametes or antherozoids swim through water and are attracted by the chemical of mucilagenous material secreted from archegonium. Group thallophyta includes the algae and fungi. The algae are mostly aquatic and the fungi are saprophytic or parasitic. Answer:(d)

Offspring arised from asexual reproduction are morphologically and genetically similar to their parents. Organism who inherit all the characters of the parents is termed as clone. Answer:(b)

Plant medium used widely in preparation of culture medium is obtained from the Cocos nucifera. It provides the growth hormone known as cytokinin. The first natural cytokinin known as zeatin was obtained from the coconut plant. Answer:(d)

Gemmules are internal buds found in sponges and are involved in asexual reproduction. It is an asexually reproduced mass of cells, that is capable of developing into a new organism i.e., an adult sponge. A gonad, sex gland, or reproductive gland is a mixed gland that produces the gametes (sex cells) and sex hormones of an organism. A gamete is a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilization in organisms that sexually reproduce. Genitalia is a sex organ is any part of an animal's body that is involved in sexual reproduction. Answer:(a)

The main advantage of vegetative propagation is that the genetic material of the only parent is passed to next generation.So the new plants are essentially the clones of the mother plant and they bear the same morphology, vigour and disease resistance as the mother plant. Answer:(c)

Plants that are able to propagate by asexual means produce genetically identical plants that are clones. Plants are cloned simply by obtaining cuttings of their leaves, stems, or roots and replanting them i.e. vegetative propagation. Answer:(c)

Vegetative propagules in angiosperms: (a) Eyes of potato; (b) Rhizome of ginger; (c) Bulbil of Agave; (d) Leaf buds of Bryophyllum; (e) Offset of water hyacinth Answer:(d)

Binary fission ("division in half") is a kind of asexual reproduction. It is the most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes such as bacteria. It occurs in some single-celled Eukaryotes like the Amoeba and the Paramoecium. In binary fission DNA replication and segregation occur simultaneously. Answer:(d)

Ginger is multiplied vegetatively by rhizome. It is an underground modification of stem. It develops root and shoots from the nodes Answer:(a)

apomixis was defined by Hans Winkler as replacement of the normal sexual reproduction by asexual reproduction, without fertilization. Apomixis in flowering plants is defined as the asexual formation of a seed from the maternal tissues of the ovule, avoiding the processes of meiosis and fertilization, leading to embryo development Answer:(a)

Somaclonal variation is defined as genetic variation observed among progeny of plants regenerated from somatic cells cultured in vitro. Answer:(b)

Mango and guava are propagated through grafting. Answer:(a)

Propagation by stem cuttings is the most commonly used method to propagate many woody ornamental plants. Stem cutting are commonly used in sugarcane, tea, coffee, grape, rose. Answer:(c)

The androgenic method of haploid production is from the male gametophyte of an angiosperm plant i.e., microspore (immature pollen). Young pollen grains produced androgenic haploids in anther cultures while anther wall, tapetal layer of anther wall and connective tissue are the parts of anther. Answer:(d)

Cambium tissue has a regeneration capacity due to which it can form new tissue at the time of grafting. The lack of cambium in monocots makes it impossible to graft. Answer:(a)

Parthenogenesis is a natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization. In animals, parthenogenesis means development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell Answer:(d)

Answer:(b)

Parthenogenesis occurs naturally in some plants, some invertebrate animal species (including nematodes, water fleas, some scorpions, aphids, some mites, some bees, some Phasmida and parasitic wasps) and a few vertebrates (such as some fish, amphibians, reptiles and very rarely birds). Answer:(c)

pollen grains are haploid and when cultured it produces a haploid plant. Anther wall has four wall epidermis, endothecium, middle layers and tapetum and all of them are diploid and produce diploid plant when cultured on artificial media Answer:(c)

Clone, also spelled clon, cell or organism that is genetically identical to the original cell or organism from which it is derived Answer:(a)

Tubers, such as potatoes, are fleshy underground storage structures composed of enlarged parts of the stem. A tuber has the tiny scale/eyes which are equipped with buds that grow on its surface. Each of these buds can form a new plant, genetically identical to the parent. Answer:(d)

Answer:(b)

The process of fusion between haploid male nucleus and egg nucleus is known as fertilization which leads to formation of a diploid zygote and restores diploid condition in zygote. Fertilization activates the egg physically and leads to formation of fertilization. The eggs become metabolically active and allows division of nucleus and forms embryo. Sexual reproduction leads to the recombination of character in the pachytene stage of the meiosis which causes variation. So, the statement is false. Fertilization determines the sex. Answer:(c)

Answer:(b)

Answer:(a)

Syngamy is the fusion of two gametes to form a zygote. Answer:(a)

The hormone used in tissue culture for better growth is auxin and cytokinin. The explant is cultured on the nutrient media. It turns into callus which is a mass of undifferentiated cells. Callus when treated with auxin it promotes rooting and when it is treated with cytokinin it stimulates cell maturation, differentiation and finally, promotes the development of stem. After formation of the stem, it differentiates into the different vegetative plant. Answer:(d)

The vegetative propagation in mint (Mentha arvensis) occurs by sucer. Sucker is a non-green underground specialized stem developing from the underground base of an erect shoot or crown. The vegetative propagation in mint (Mentha arvensis) occurs by sucer. Answer:(c)

Plants with poor root system are propagated through grafting. The plants with poor roots but with the desired quality of other products are used as scion and grafted on plants with good mature roots. Answer:(d)

Layering is a means of plant propagation in which a portion of an above-ground stem grows roots while still attached to the parent plant and then detaches as an independent plant Answer:(d)