Tissue culture technology is based on the fact that whole plant can be regenerated from explants i.e., any part of a plant grown in a test tube, under sterile conditions in special nutrient media and growth regulators. This capacity to generate a whole plant from any cell/explant is called totipotency. Each of these plants will be genetically identical to the original plant. Answer:(b)

In Pistia (water lettuce) vegetative propagation occurs by offset where one intemode long runners grows horizontally along the soil surface and gives rise to new plants either from axillary or terminal buds. Answer:(a)

plants propagated by simple layering include jasmine, climbing roses, forsythia, rhododendron, honeysuckle, boxwood, azalea, and wax myrtle Answer:(b)

Callus, In botany, soft tissue that forms over a wounded or cut plant surface, leading to healing. In phloem after injury, a unique protein called “P-protein” (Phloem-protein), which is formed within the sieve element, is released from its anchor site and accumulates to form a ‘clot’ on the pores of the sieve plate and prevent loss of sap at the damage site Plant callus (plural calluses or calli) is a growing mass of unorganized plant parenchyma cells. Cells grow and divide to form undifferentiated mass of cells called callus Answer:(d)

Axenic describes the state of a culture in which only a single species, variety, or strain of organism is present and entirely free of all other contaminating organisms Answer:(d)

Frederick Campion Steward was a British botanist who demonstrated that plant cells are totipotent, carrying the genetic information to enable them to develop into complete plants using carrot Answer:(c)

A stock is part of a plant, often an underground part, from which new above-ground growth can be produced. It could also be described as a stem with a well developed root system, to which a bud from another plant is grafted. Answer:(a)

Clones have identical DNA (genome) in both the nuclei and mitochondria, although the term clones is also used to refer to individuals that have identical nuclear DNA but different mitochondrial DNA. Answer:(c)

Fusion between one large, non- motile (static) female gamete and a smaller, motile male gamete is termed oogamous, e.g., Volvox, Fucus. Algae are useful to man in a variety of ways. Answer:(c)

Examples of plants that can be propagated by leaf-petiole cuttings include Kalanchoe African violet, peperomia, episcia, hoya, and sedum Potato tubers have nodes or eyes from which the new growth begins. Gladiolus are propagated by corms, a specialized underground stem, similar to a bulb. Agave plants put out offshoots from the base of the mother plant that are easily removed to begin a new plant. Answer:(c)

Sweet potato is an example for vegetative propagation by roots. Sweet potato bears adventitous buds. When it is planted in the soil, new plants are produced from the roots. Answer:(c)

Peperomia is a small perennial epiphyte growing on rotten wood. These plants are naturally propagated by seeds but these are commercially propagated by leaf or stem cuttings. The petiole is an important part of leaf which is used for the propagation. Leaves are harvested from stock plants for which propagation is desired. The petiole section of each leaf is sterilized and cultured on a nutrient media which forms callus and finally develops into a plantlet. So, the correct answer is option a. Propagating Most Peperomia species can be relatively easily propagated from leaf cuttings, similar to the way African violets are propagated. Remove large leaves with their stalks (petioles) and bury in seedling starting soil. Use of a rooting hormone can increase the odds of success. Place the cutting in a warm, bright place until new growth emerges. Answer:(a)

F.C. Steward discovered and laid the foundation for plant tissue culture Answer:(a)

Tissue culture involves the use of small pieces of plant tissue (explants) which are cultured in a nutrient medium under sterile conditions. Using the appropriate growing conditions for each explant type, plants can be induced to rapidly produce new shoots, and, with the addition of suitable hormones new roots. Answer:(b)

Potato is mostly cultivated by planting tubers. Answer:(c)

Monoestrous species, such as bears, foxes, and wolves, have only one breeding season per year, typically in spring to allow growth of the offspring during the warm season to aid survival during the next winter. Answer:(c)

Haploid plants can be produced through in vitro culture of male gametophytic cells at the microspore or immature pollen developmental stage. Answer:(b)

In the tissue culture technique, contamination is, the main issue. In order to avoid contamination the glassware and nutrients are sterilized with the help of autoclave. The glassware is washed by detergent and then it is wrapped by newspaper and kept in the autoclave. Similarly the prepared media is plugged by cotton plug and kept in autoclave. Autoclaves sterilize the equipment and media by subjecting them to high-pressure saturated steam at 121&dgeC for around 15–20 minutes. Answer:(d)

Cleidoic egg is the term which is used to refer any closed egg of a land animal. It is laid by aves and reptiles. It involves internal fertilization because the eggs are laid on land, internal fertilization is needed and thus development occurs after the laying the eggs externally Answer:(c)

Shoot tip culture is used to eliminate pathogens from foundation plants, especially carnations. Answer:(d)

Multiple fission is process where a maternal cell produces innumerable unicellular uninucleate offspring. The nucleus of the parent cell divides several times by amitosis, producing several nuclei. The cytoplasm then separates, creating multiple daughter cells. Answer:(b)

Greek word sexus means union. Answer:(a)

Scion is a detached shoot or twig containing buds from a woody plant, used in grafting. Answer:(b)

The estrous cycle or oestrus cycle is the set of recurring physiological changes that are induced by reproductive hormones in most mammalian therian females or breeding period Answer:(a)

For callus initiation, high concentration of auxins and low concentration of cytokinins were used, whereas high concentration of cytokinins and low concentration of auxins were used for shoot-bud differentiation. Answer:(a)

Clonal cell lines are derived from the mitotic division of a single cell seeded in a sterile microtiter plate by limiting dilution, as used in the cloning of hybridoma cell lines Answer:(b)

For callus initiation, high concentration of auxins and low concentration of cytokinins were used, whereas high concentration of cytokinins and low concentration of auxins were used for shoot-bud differentiation. Answer:(a)

Answer:(d)

In plant culture, cellulases are used to degrade the cell wall and obtain protoplasts. Pectinase is an enzyme that breaks down pectin, a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls Thus pectinase and cellulase enzymes disrupts the cell wall to obtain wall-free naked protoplasts Proteinase is commonly used in molecular biology to digest protein and remove contamination from preparations of nucleic acid. Amylase, any member of a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of starch into smaller carbohydrate molecules such as maltose Answer:(b)

The estrous cycle is the main reproductive cycle of other species females of non-primate vertebrates, for example rats, mice, horses, pig have this form of reproductive cycle. Answer:(b)