Vegetative reproduction results in new plant individuals without the production of seeds or spores. Some plants can produce seeds without fertilization. Either the ovule or part of the ovary, which is diploid in nature, gives rise to a new seed. This method of reproduction is known as apomixis. So Both produce progeny identical to parent Answer:(b)

Sporulation is the formation of nearly dormant forms of bacteria . In a limited number of bacteria, spores can preserve the genetic material of the bacteria when conditions are inhospitable and lethal for the normal (vegetative) form of the bacteria. Answer:(d)

In oogamy, fertilization involves the fusion of a large non-motile female gamete and a small motile male gamete. Answer:(a)

Euglena reproduce asexually through binary fission, a form of cell division. Reproduction begins with the mitosis of the cell nucleus, followed by the division of the cell itself it is a longitudinal binary fission Answer:(d)

Clone of an organism or cell, or group of organisms or cells, produced asexually from one ancestor or stock, to which they are genetically identical. Answer:(b)

Micropropagation is the tissue culture technique used for rapid vegetative multiplication of ornamental plants and fruit trees. This method of tissue culture produces several plants. Each of these plants will be genetically identical to the original plant from where they were grown. Answer:(c)

Bacteria, fungi and lower plants survive in adverse conditions through formation of thick walled spores. Algae form resting spore or akinetes which are thick walled spores and store food material. In fungi, thick walled perennating spores called chlamydospores are formed. Bacteria form endospores which is probably the most resistant living thing known. Answer:(b)

Haploid plants can be produced through in vitro culture of male gametophytic cells at the microspore or immature pollen developmental stage. Androgenesis is a form of quasi-sexual reproduction in which a male is the sole source of the nuclear genetic material in the embryo. Answer:(b)

Root cuttings are pieces of root cut from plants that you want to propagate. Take cuttings from root growth in late winter or early spring, before the plant breaks dormancy. This process results in the creation of a new plant that is often considered a ‘ clone’ of the parent plant, with the same genetic qualities. With vegetative reproduction plants also bypass juvenile or immature sidling phase and therefore reach the mature phase sooner. Fruit bearing plants like lemon and tamarind are artificially reproduced by root cutting to harvest fruits faster Answer:(d)

Parthenogenesis is a natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development Parthenocarpy is the production of fruits without the fertilisation of ovules. Fruits like banana and figs are developed without fertilisation and do not produce any viable seeds Answer:(c)

The Bryophyllum plantlets that grow on the edges of each leaf fall easily and root wherever they land. Answer:(b)

Why is asexual reproduction sometimes disadvantageous as it produces genetically uniform population Answer:(b)

Random fusion between mechanically isolated protoplasts. This is called ‘Para sexual hybridization’ By this method wider crosses are possible. Even crosses between plants showing physical and chemical incompatibilities are possible by protoplast fusion. Answer:(b)

Potato → Eyes Ginger →rhizome Agave →bulbil Bryophyllum → bulbil Water Hyacinth → bulbil Answer:(c)

reflex ovulation is, ovulation occurring shortly after brief exposure to a sensory stimulus. Ovulation in rabbits occurs only when copulation (= coitus) begins. Obviously, it is a reflex reaction to coitus. That's why, female rabbits are called 'reflex ovulators' Answer:(a)

Micropropagation is a technique used to produce large numbers of identical plants (clones) from a selected stock plant Answer:(c)

Development of haploid plants from pollen is Androgenesis Answer:(a)

scattered vascular bundles, that means vascular bundles are without cambium and are irregularly arranged which makes them difficult to be connected between stock and scion parts of graft. Statement 'd' is correct seasonal changes, climatic variations produce annual rings. Statement 'a' is NOT correct Wound healing in plants takes place by the activity of secondary meristem. Statement 'b' is NOT correct. Rings of light and dark wood determine age of the plant. Statement 'c' is NOT correct. Answer:(d)

Parthenogenesis, a reproductive strategy that involves development of a female (rarely a male) gamete (sex cell) without fertilization. Answer:(b)

Embryo culture is a technique for cultivating an embryo under aseptic conditions on a nutrient medium. It has been widely used for producing plants from hybridizations in which failure of endosperm to properly develop causes embryo abortion. Answer:(b)

Answer:(c)

Callus is an unspecialized , unorganized, growing and dividing mass of cells. It produced when explants are cultured on the appropriate solid medium, with both an auxin and a cytokinin in a correct conditions Answer:(d)

There are two methods of asexual reproduction in Planaria fragmentation and sponta- neous “dropping tails”. Statement 'a' is not correct. Hydra reproduce asexually by producing buds in the body wall, which grow to be miniature adults and break away when they are mature. Statement 'b' is not correct The fungi, the filamentous algae, the protonema of mosses, all easily multiply by fragmentation. Statement 'c' is CORRECT In unicellular organisms growth is same as reproduction because increase in mass and size of the body is leading to the generation of two new daughter cells.Statement 'd' is CORRECT Answer:(c)

Explant meaning is transfer (living cells, tissues, or organs) from animals or plants to a nutrient medium. It is required to be disinfected before placing in culture because living plant materials from the environment are naturally contaminated on their surfaces with microorganisms, which inhibits the growth and utilize the nutrients provided for the plants in the media for their growth as they have the ability to multiply fast. The process like autoclaving, treatment with ultraviolet and X rays kills the cells of the explant due to denaturation of proteins of the plasma membrane of the cells of explant on exposure to heat or radiation. so they are treated with the chemicals like Clorox or hypochlorite. The chemical treatment makes the plant sterile. The process of treating the explant with chemicals is known as surface sterilization. Answer:(b)

After fertilization, stamens, style, petals and stigma wither and typically fall off. The calyx may either remain intact in a dried and shrivelled form or fall off. The ovary enlarges to form the fruit, the ovarian wall forms the fruit wall. Answer:(d)

Bamboo species flower only once in their life time, generally after 50-100 years and produce large number of fruits and die. Answer:(c)

Many small algae reproduce asexually by ordinary cell division or by fragmentation, whereas larger algae reproduce by spores. Fungi reproduce asexually by fragmentation, budding, or producing spores. Answer:(b)

Vegetative reproduction is any form of asexual reproduction occurring in plants in which a new plant grows from a fragment or cutting of the parent plant or specialized reproductive structures, which are sometimes called vegetative propagules. Vegetative propagules in angiosperms: (a) Eyes of potato; (b) Rhizome of ginger; (c) Bulbil of Agave; (d) Leaf buds of Bryophyllum; (e) Offset of water hyacinth (f) Tuberous roots of Dahlia. (g) planting part of a mature cane called “setts of sugarcane. Answer:(d)

During embryogenesis, zygote undergoes cell division (mitosis) and cell differentiation. Cell divisions increase the number of cells in the developing embryo. Cell differentiation helps groups of cells to form specialised tissues and organs. Answer:(c)

Oogamy is the familiar form of sexual reproduction. It is a form of anisogamy in which the female gamete is significantly larger than the male gamete and is non-motile. The male gametes are typically highly motile and are usually tasked with all of the travel necessary to bring the respective gametes together Answer:(a)