IBA-derived auxin has strong roles in various aspects of root development, including regulation of root apical meristem size, root hair elongation, lateral root development, and formation of adventitious roots. Sugar canes ends after they are cut are dipped into IBA prior to sowing to promote root development. Answer:(a)

Ciliated spore: An asexual sporangial spore, esp. of certain fungi or algae, capable of independent motion usually by means of cilia or flagella. A zoospore is a motile asexual spore that uses a flagellum for locomotion. Answer:(b)

In diploid organisms, specialised cells called meiocytes (gamete mother cell) undergo meiosis Apple: 34 Answer:(b)

Layering is used as a method of vegetative propagation for lemon, guava, Hibiscus, jasmine, Bougainvillaea Answer:(a)

In a majority of organisms, male gamete is motile and the female gamete is stationary. Answer:(a)

In oviparous animals like reptiles and birds, the fertilised eggs covered by hard calcareous shell are laid in a safe place in the environment; after a period of incubation young ones hatch out. Answer:(d)

Both Spongilla and sycon shows internal or endogenous budding. It is the type of asexual reproduction where individual daughter buds are developed in a mass of cells and gets released after germination. Answer:(b)

Answer:(b)

Answer:(c)

Exogenous budding is a type of asexual reproduction shown by certain living organisms. In this process, a new organism develops as a form of an outgrowth or a bud on the surface of the mother cell. It develops externally on the mother parent. Examples- Hydra, yeast. Reason is correct explanation of assertion. Answer:(c)

Organism	Vegetative propagules
Dahlia	Cluster of tuberous root
Turmeric	Rhizome
Bryophyllum	Buds on the margin of leaf
Oxalis	Floral bulb
Discoria	Axillary tubers called bubils

Answer:(d)

Transverse Binary Fission: It is a common method of reproduction in Paramecium which occurs during favourable condition. A fully grown Paramecium is divided into two daughter individuals. Division occurs at the right angle to the longitudinal axis of the body. Nuclear division is followed by the cytoplasmic division. Answer:(c)

Pollen tube, after reaching the ovary, enters the ovule through the micropyle and then enters the embryo sac through one of the synergids. The synergids have special cellular thickenings at the micropylar tip called filiform apparatus, which plays an important role in guiding the pollen tube. Answer:(a)

In flowering plants, the zygote is formed inside the ovule. Along the zygote, triple fusion occurs which develops as endosperm. After fertilisation the sepals, petals and stamens of the flower wither and fall off. The pistil however, remains attached to the plant. The zygote develops into the embryo and the ovules develop into the seed. The ovary develops into the fruit and wall of ovary develops a thick wall called pericarp that is protective in function. Answer:(b)

Meiosis of primary spermatocyte (2n) produces secondary spermatocyte (n) where n = number of chromosomes. Thus n in secondary spermatocyte is 8. There are two sister chromatids in each chromosomes. Thus, 8 chromosomes will have = 2 ✗ 8 = 16 Answer:(c)

Assertion is true. Gametes are haploid in nature and usually a direct product of meiotic division except in haploid organisms where gametes are formed by mitosis. Reason is false. Answer:(c)

bamboo species flower only once in their life time, generally after 50-100 years, produce large number of fruits and die. Bamboos exhibit monocarpic flowering behaviour and are perennial. Answer:(c)

Organism	Chromosome number in meiocyte
Dog	78
Potato	48
Maize	20
Butterfly	380

Answer:(c)

Gametes are haploid though the parent plant body from which they arise may be either haploid or diploid. (a) is incorrect. Meiosis, the reduction division, has to occur if a diploid body has to produce haploid gametes. (c) is incorrect. At the end of meiosis, only one set of chromosomes gets incorporated into each gamete. (d) is incorrect. In some haploid orgainsms undergoing sexual reproduction, two haploid gametes fuse to give rise to diploid zygote. The zygote then undergoes meiosis to produce haploid organism. (b) is correct. Answer:(b)

The vegetative propagation of dahlia is done by tuberous roots. Tuberous roots have abundant storage of reserved food material. Sweetpotato is cultivated by vegetative propagation. Growers take stem cuttings from the vines, which then root and form new storage roots. Answer:(d)

Multiple fission is the process of asexual reproduction in which many daughter cells are produced from the parent cell. In this, the nucleus undergoes repeated division to produce a large number of nuclei. Each nucleus along with little bit of cytoplasm forms a membrane around it. Answer:(c)

Budding is a form of asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops from some generative anatomical point of the parent organism. Yeast cells reproduce asexually by an asymmetric division process called budding. In yeast, budding usually occurs during the abundant supply of nutrition. In this process of reproduction, a small bud arises as an outgrowth of the parent body. Answer:(b)

Two gametes are so similar in appearance that it is not possible to categorise them into male and female gametes. They are hence called homogametes (isogametes) Answer:(d)

Monoecious or homothallic condition in Chara (green algae) is used to denote upper oogonium and lower antheridium on the same plant. Answer:(d)

Asparagus propagation by division is one of the most common methods. Propagation Ginger is vegetatively propagated from small sections of the rhizome, called sets. The leaves of a Bryophyllum plant have special buds in their margins which may get detached from the leaves, fall to the ground and then grow to produce a new plant. Vegetative reproduction in Agave occurs through bulbils. Bulbils are the specialised buds vegetative or floral that modify into a swollen structure. Answer:(a)

Planaria, amoeba and paramecium reproduce by binary fission. Hydra undergoes exogenous budding. In hydra, a bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell division at one specific site. These buds develop into tiny individuals and after full maturation get detached from the parent body and become new independent individuals. Answer:(a)

Chains of spores produced from cells called phialides are very common among ascomycetes, including Aspergillus and Penicillium. Phialides are vase-shaped cells (shaped, more explicitly, like a Greek amphora), that develop on conidiophores. Both of these produces sproes called conidia which is non-motile and non-flagellated. Answer:(d)

Regeneration is the natural process of replacing or restoring damaged or missing cells, tissues, organs, and even entire body parts to full function in plants and animals. Most common example are planaria, starfish, lizards, hydra. Answer:(a)

Haploid Organism: These are the individuals which have one and only arrangement of chromosomes in somatic cells. Examples include Algae, Fungi, Monera, bryophytes has haploid plant body. Answer:(d)

In gametophytic apomixis, an unreduced embryo sac develops from the megaspore mother cell by circumvention of meiosis (Diplospory) or directly from a cell in the nucellus (Apospory). Answer:(d)