During vegetative reproduction Fucus reproduces only by the method of fragmentation. Vegetative reproduction of Dictyota may take place by the decay of the older parts of the thallus, followed by subsequent fragmentation. Answer:(d)

Ginger is a rhizome. A rhizome is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. It bear nodes, internodes and scaly leaves and buds, which gives rise to aerial shoots. The adventitious root arises from the lower surface of nodes. Answer:(c)

The above diagram is of rhizopus. Asexual reproduction in rhizopus occurs through sporulation. Answer:(d)

Answer:(b)

In grafting, the upper part (scion) of one plant grows on the root system (rootstock) of another plant. In this process, desirable characters of scion are transferred to stock. Thus, character of scion is expressed in plant product. In some cases of grafting, however, the stock can alter the characteristics of the shoot system that develops from the scion. For example, if the scion of a sweet and fleshy plant is grafted with a stock of sour and plant, then the fruit will be sour and juicy. Answer:(c)

A zoospore is a motile asexual spore that uses a flagellum for locomotion. Aplanospores: A nonmotile asexual spore formed by rejuvenescence in certain algae. Ascospores are specific to fungi ascomycetes, and they are produced inside asci. Basidiospores are specific to basidiomycetes, and they are produced in basidia. Ascospores develop endogenously while basidiospores develop exogenously. Answer:(a)

The process of meiosis produces unique reproductive cells called gametes, which have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Fertilization, the fusion of haploid gametes from two individuals, restores the diploid condition. Thus, sexually-reproducing organisms alternate between haploid and diploid stages. However, the ways in which reproductive cells are produced and the timing between meiosis and fertilization vary greatly. There are three main categories of sexual life cycles: diploid-dominant, demonstrated by most animals; haploid-dominant, demonstrated by all fungi and some algae; and the alternation of generations, demonstrated by plants and some algae. The haplontic life forms produce the gametes through mitosis. After fertilization a zygote is formed: this cell is the only diploid cell in the entire life cycle. It is thus that same zygotic cell that later undergoes meiosis. A haploid life cycle is found in most fungi and in some green algae like Chlamydomonas Answer:(a,b)

In organisms with haplontic life cycle, zygote divides by meiosis to form haploid spores that grow into haploid individuals. Answer:(b)

Axillary buds are used to raise crop of sugarcane. Answer:(d)

Grafting or graftage is a horticultural technique whereby tissues of plants are joined so as to continue their growth together. The upper part of the combined plant is called the scion while the lower part is called the rootstock. Answer:(a)

In horticulture, a propagule is any plant material used for the purpose of plant propagation. Propagules is a vegetative structure that can become detached from a plant and give rise to a new plant, e.g. a bud, sucker, or spore. Answer:(b)

In several simple plants like algae, bryophytes and pteridophytes, water is the medium through which this gamete transfer takes place. Answer:(a)

Genetic trait of a plant can be maintained if the plant is reproduced by asexually or vegetatively. Answer:(b)

When two parents (opposite sex) participate in the reproductive process and also involve fusion of male and female gametes, it is called sexual reproduction. Answer:(b)

In Paramecium, Conjugation is a form of sexual reproduction. It is a temporary union of two individuals of same species for mutual exchange of genetic materials. Continuous multiplication by binary fission is interrupted by conjugation as it is necessary for the survival and rejuvenation of the race Answer:(c)

Sexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes, either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex. These gametes fuse to form the zygote which develops to form the new organism. Answer:(d)

Cell differentiation helps groups of cells to undergo certain modifications to form specialised tissues and organs to form an organism. Answer:(c)

Banana plant produces either very few seeds or does not produce viable seeds. As a result, sexual reproduction is less likely to occur. Hence, banana plants are propagated through stem cuttings. Answer:(a)

Euploidy is a chromosomal variation that involves the entire set of chromosomes in a cell or an organism. Euploid: The normal number of chromosomes for a species. In humans, the euploid number of chromosomes is 46; with the notable exception of the unfertilized egg and sperm, in which it is 23. Euploidy is more tolerated in plants than in animals. Answer:(b)

Asexual reproduction	Organism
Binary fission	Amoeba
Transverse binary fission	Paramecium
Longitudinal binary fission	Euglena
Budding	Hydra

Answer:(b)

Answer:(a)

Photoperiodism is the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of night or a dark period. Photoperiodism affects flowering by inducing the shoot to produce floral buds instead of leaves and lateral buds. Answer:(b)

cryptogams or nonseed plants Vascular plants like ferns and horsetails don't have seeds, they reproduce with spores! These plants have two stages - the gametophyte stage and the sporophyte stage. The sporophyte stage is when the fern has fronds with spores on the underside. The spores are released and fall to the ground where they grow into something called a prothallus prothallus, the small, green, heart-shaped structure (gametophyte) of a fern that produces both male and female sex cells (gametes) In gametophyte stage. The prothallus produces a sperm and an egg cell. The sperm fertilizes the egg, and the fertilized egg grows into a new fern Answer:(b)

For successful grafting to take place, the vascular cambium tissues of the stock and scion plants must be placed in contact with each other. The vascular cambium is secondary meristems that are formed in stems and roots after the tissues of the primary plant body have differentiated. Answer:(c)

Monoecious plant:Chara. Dioecious plant: Marchantia. Answer:(c)

In several simple plants like algae, bryophytes and pteridophytes, water is the medium through which this gamete transfer takes place. Spirogyra, Gelidium are algae. Azolla is pteridophyte and Riccia is a bryophyte. Answer:(c)

Under unfavourable condition the Amoeba withdraws its pseudopodia and secretes a three-layered hard covering or cyst around itself. This phenomenon is termed as encystation. Answer:(b)

The vegetative propagation of dahlia is done by tuberous roots. Azadirachta propagates through stem cutting. Ipomoea propagates from stem cuttings from the vines Answer:(b)

meiosis, the reduction division, has to occur if a diploid body has to produce haploid gametes. Meiosis is involved in some stages. Answer:(c)

Propagation Ginger is vegetatively propagated from small sections of the rhizome, called sets. Sets are produced by cutting a small 3–6 cm from a living rhizome. Each piece should possess at least one living bud which will produce shoots. Answer:(c)