Place where the pollen grains land	Stigma
The site where seeds develop	Ovary
Reproductive cells that have exactly the same number of chromosomes as that of parent plant	Spore mother cells
Meiotically dividing cells in the male reproductive tissue that make four microspores	Microspore mother cells

Answer:(b)

The nucleus of the functional megaspore divides mitotically to form two nuclei which move to the opposite poles, forming the two nucleate embryo sac. Two more sequential mitotic nuclear division results in formation of four nucleate and later eight nucleate stages of embryo sac. Total 3 mitotic cell division occurs. Answer:(d)

Ornithophilous (brid pollinating) flower are large and strong with abundant nectar and edible part. Example Bombax, agave, Butea, Bignonia. Bats carry out the pollination in Adansonia and kigelia. Answer:(d)

Anemophily ( wind pollination) characteristics: (i) Pollens are very light. They may have air sac or wings. (ii) Flowers are small and are colourless, odouless. (iii) Pollen grains are dry. (iv) Anthers have long filament and are abundant. (v) Stigmas are sticky and feathery. Answer:(b)

Answer:(a)

False fruit	Strawberry
Parthenocarpic fruit	Banana
Albuminous seeds	Barley
Non albuminous seeds	Groundnut
Perispermic seeds	Black pepper

Answer:(d)

Formation of the endosperm is initiated by mitotic division of primary endosperm nucleus, which is triploid and is formed by the triple fusion of polar nuclei to secondary nucleus 2n and with the male gamete (n). Endosperm is formed before the division of zygote. Statement (i) is correct. The endosperm of gymnosperms is haploid. It is a pre-fertilization tissue and is equivalent to female gametophyte, hence it is haploid in nature but in angiosperms it is post-fertilization tissue and is generally triploid in nature. Statement (ii) is correct. In coconut there is an outer multicellular solid endosperm and inner free nuclear liquid endosperm in the centre. Satement (iii) is correct. Milky water in young tender coconut is free nuclear liquid endosperm. Statement (v) is incorrect. Answer:(c)

The suspensor undergoes transverse division forming 6-10 celled suspensor. The first cell of suspensor is called haustorium and last cell ( towards embryo cell) is called hypophysis. It forms radical (embryonic root). In botany and mycology, a haustorium (plural haustoria) is a rootlike structure that grows into or around another structure to absorb water or nutrients. Answer:(b)

The synergids have special cellular thickenings at the micropylar tip called filiform apparatus, which play an important role in guiding/ helping the pollen tubes into the synergid. Answer:(b)

Perisperm is the remnant of nucellus which are persistent. It encloses the embryo and provides nourishment to it in certain seeds. Answer:(a)

Flowers aid in sexual reproduction. Answer:(c)

Second wall layer usually single layered. Cells have a cellulose thickening with a little pectin and lignin. It help in anther dehiscence. The cells of endothecium have fibrous thickenings. Answer:(b)

The process of formation of megaspores from megaspore mother cell is called megasporogenesis. The MMC undergoes meiotic division. Meiosis results in the production of four megaspores. A megaspore mother cell is a diploid cell in which meiosis occurs, resulting in the production of four haploid megaspores. Assertion and reason both are false. Answer:(d)

In angiosperms (flowering plants) meiosis takes place in the anthers as well as in the ovary to produce the male gametes (pollen grains) and female gametes (ovules) respectively. Gametogenesis is a biological process by which haploid male and female gametes are formed. In higher plants, there are two stages that are involved- sporogenesis and gametogenesis. Answer:(a)

Male gametophyte is pollen grain. When the pollen grain is mature it contains two cells, the vegetative cell and generative cell (Figure 2.5b). The vegetative cell is bigger, has abundant food reserve and a large irregularly shaped nucleus. Megaspore mother cell is formed in the nucellus. Megaspore mother cell is diploid and undergoes meiosis to form four haploid megaspores. Central cell is the largest cell of the ovule which is present in the centre of the embryo sac. It contains two polar nuclei which get fused to form a diploid secondary nucleus. Answer:(c)

Answer:(c)

Some plants such as Viola (common pansy), Oxalis, and Commelina produce two types of flowers: chasmogamous flowers which are similar to flowers of other species with exposed anthers and stigma, and cleistogamous flowers which do not open at all. Answer:(d)

Apomixis is the formation of new individuals by asexual methods which mimic sexual reproduction including seed formation but do not involve fusion of gametes or sex cells. Apomixis is controlled by gene and individual; are genetically similar to the parent producing i.e. are clone and members of a clone are called ramets. Statement(i) is true. Bamboo plants are perennial , monocarpic plants . They flower only once in their lifetime , usually after 50-100 years. Statement (iii) is true. In angiosperms, male gamete is motile and female gamete is non-motile. Statement (ii) is false. Answer:(a)

Tapetum – This is the innermost layer of anther wall which surrounds the sporogenous tissue. Tapetal cells are nutritive. They are multinucleated and polyploidy. In these cells the ubisch bodies which is deposited in the exine of microscope wall.During microsporogenesis, the cells of tapetum produce various enzymes, hormones, amino acids, and other nutritious material required for the development of pollen grains Answer:(d)

Parthogenogenesis :It is the development of a new individual from a single gamete without fusion with another gamete. parthenocarpy is the natural or artificially induced production of fruit without fertilisation of ovules, which makes the fruit seedless. The coleorhiza: coleorrhiza or root sheath is a layer of tissue that surrounds the root in the seed and at monocotyledons prevents. It is a protective layer around the rootcap and the root. Apomixis: It is the formation of new individuals by asexual methods which mimic sexual reproduction including seed formation but do not involve fusion of gametes or sex cells. All the above statements are true. Answer:(d)

Tapetum – This is the innermost layer of anther wall which surrounds the sporogenous tissue. Tapetal cells are nutritive. They are multinucleated and polyploidy. A haploid parent produces gametes by mitotic division while diploid parent produces gametes by meiotic division. Option (c) is false. Three cells are grouped together at the micropylar end and constitute the egg apparatus. Answer:(c)

Answer:(b)

Ornithophily ( Bird pollination)	Bombax, agave, Butea, Bignonia
Chiropterophily ( Pollination by bats)	Adansonia, kigelia, Bauhinia
Entomophily ( Insect pollination)	Salvia, Morus, Euphorbia

Answer:(d)

The proximal end of the filament is attached to the thalamus or the petal of the flower. The number and length of stamens are variable in flowers of different species. The anther is a four-sided (tetragonal) structure consisting of four microsporangia located at the corners, two in each lobe. These statements are correct. In a transverse section, a typical microsporangium appears near circular in outline. option (d) is incorrect. Answer:(d)

If the female parent bears bisexual flowers, removal of anthers from the flower bud before the anther dehisces using a pair of forceps is necessary. This step is referred to as emasculation. Emasculated flowers have to be covered with a bag of suitable size, generally made up of butter paper, to prevent contamination of its stigma with unwanted pollen. This process is called bagging. When the stigma of bagged flower attains receptivity, mature pollen grains collected from anthers of the male parent are dusted on the stigma (cross pollination), and the flowers are rebagged, and the fruits allowed to develop. Answer:(b)

Answer:(a)

Orchid fruits are one such category and each fruit contain thousands of tiny seeds. Similar is the case in fruits of some parasitic species such as Orobanche and Striga. option (c) is false. Answer:(c)

The fusion of one sperm with the egg cell to form the embryo and of the other sperm with the polar fusion nucleus to give rise to the endosperm ('double fertilization') was discovered by Nawaschin in 1898 in the liliaceous plants, Lilium martagon and Fritillaria tenella. Answer:(a)

Fruits can develop from a single ovary of a single flower(simple fruit) or from several free carpels of a single flower (aggregate) or form whole inflorescence(multiple). In total, fruits develop from ovaries. This is why, a dioecious plant (unisexual) bearing only staminate (male) flowers will not produce fruits, whereas monoecious plants (bisexual) or dioecious plants bearing only pistillate (female) lowers or pistillate and staminate both can bear fruits. So, the correct answer is 'Plant is dioecious and bears only staminate flowers'. Answer:(d)

isobilateral pollen tetras formed is a characteristic feature of monocot.This statement is true. Tapetum – This is the innermost layer of anther wall which surrounds the sporogenous tissue. Tapetal cells are nutritive. They are multinucleated and polyploidy. When the part of zygote is involved in the development of embryo, this type of embryo development is called meroblastic embryogeny. development of microsporangia in anther is from a group of hypodermal cells and is eusporangiate. All the statements are true. Answer:(d)

Anthesis is the period during which a flower is fully open and functional. It refers to the opening of the flower bud. Answer:(d)

When the ovule is curved and embryo sac becomes horse-shoe shaped, such an ovule is called as Amphitropous ovule. Aril develops from the funicle or base of the ovule. It grows from the attachment point of the seed to the ovary. Chalazosperm is perisperm like tissue in chalazal region. It is substitute of endosperm. The inner region of integument may provide nourishment to developing embryo sac and it is called endothelium. This occurs in some plants having unitegmic and tenuinucellate ovules. Statement (iii) is false. Answer:(c)

The embryo sac or female gametophyte is an oval structure present in the ovule of flowering plants. The number of eggs per embryo sac is one. Answer:(c)

Ripened ovules are known as seeds. Answer:(c)

Tapetum – This is the innermost layer of anther wall which surrounds the sporogenous tissue. Tapetal cells are nutritive. Answer:(c)

In coconut there is an outer multicellular solid endosperm and inner free nuclear liquid endosperm in the centre. Answer:(a)

It is the formation of new individuals by asexual methods which mimic sexual reproduction including seed formation but do not involve fusion of gametes or sex cells. Reason is false. The organism reproducing through apomixes is called apomicts. Apomixis is controlled by gene and individual; are genetically similar to the parent producing i.e. are clone and members of a clone are called ramets. Assertion is false. Answer:(d)

The generative nucleus divides (mitosis) to form two male nuclei, which become surrounded by cytoplasmic masses and appear as distinct male gametes Answer:(b)

Dichogamy: Anther and stigmas mature at different times. They are of two types: (i) Protandry: Anthers mature earlier. E.g, Salvia, clerodendron, sunflower, rose. (ii) Protogny : Stigmas mature earlier. E.g. plantago, magnolia, mirabilis. Answer:(b)

Answer:(a)

Answer:(a)

Endosperm is a nutritive tissue formed from vegetative fertilization. Endosperm is meant for nourishing the embryo. It is generally triploid. Assertion is false Integuments after fertilization forms seed coat. Outer integuments forms Testa, outer seed coat and Inner integuments forms Tegmen, inner seed coat.Reason is false. Answer:(d)

uring microsporogenesis, microsporocytes undergo meiotic division to produce a tetrad of four haploid microspores. The released microspores undergo a highly asymmetric division. Answer:(a)

Anemophily ( wind pollination) is seen in grass. Anthers in such flowers are long and are abundant. The peculiar filiform pollen morphology and ability to pollinate in an aquatic medium is seen in the marine angiosperms or seagrasses (Zostera). The “seeds" you see on the outside of a strawberry are actually the plant's ovaries and are called "achenes. Botanists call the strawberry a "false fruit," a pseudocarp. A strawberry is actually a multiple fruit which consists of many tiny individual fruits embedded in a fleshy receptacle. These three are correct. Viola also known as common pansy is a biseual flowers i.e., possess anther as well as stigma. Answer:(d)

Dieocious plants have flowers that are only male or only female. This means that one plant produce only female flowers and another plant produce only male flowers. Hence, self pollination is not possible. Self pollination includes autogamy and geitonogamy. Cross-pollination also known as xenogamy is possible. Answer:(d)

Exine is absent over certain areas called germ pores when circular or it is called germ furrow when elongated. Pollen tube emerges from the germ pores during germination. Answer:(b)

In an embryo sac there occur two sexual fusion – one in syngamy and other in triple fusion. Male gametes fuse with the egg, resulting in the production of diploid zygote. This is called syngamy. The second male gametes fuses with two polar nuclei, producing a triploid primary endosperm nucleus. This is called triple fusion. This phenomenon is called double fertilization. Answer:(d)

Tapetum – This is the innermost layer of anther wall which surrounds the sporogenous tissue. Tapetal cells are nutritive. The point of attachment of funicle to the ovule is known as hilum. Endosperm is a nutritive tissue formed from vegetative fertilization. Endosperm is meant for nourishing the embryo. It is generally triploid. Not all aquatic plants use water for pollination. In a majority of aquatic plants such as water hyacinth and water lily, the flowers emerge above the level of water and are pollinated by insects or wind as in most of the land plants. Statement (iii) is incorrect/wrong. Rest are all correct. Answer:(d)

Banana	Parthenocarpic fruit
b. Sporopollenin	sporopollenin which is resistant to chemical and biological decomposition.Present in fossilized pollen grains
Filiform apparatus	pollen tube enters the ovule through micropyle and enters synergids through filiform apparatus
d. Pollinium	In calotropis and orchids, the pollen of each anther lobe formed a characteristics mass called pollinium
e. Compound pollen grains	The Pollen grains aggregates as tetrads, diads, polyads and many more. seen in typha

Answer:(c)

The PMCs divide meiotically each forming generally tetrahedral tetrads. Size of nucleus in pollen grain increases and it divides mitotically to produce a bigger vegetative cell or tube cell and smaller generative cell. Further another mitiotic division occurs which dicides generative cell in 2 male gametes. Answer:(b)