Definitions: A genus is a class of similar things, especially a group of animals or plants that includes several closely related species. A species is often defined as a group of individuals that actually or potentially interbreed in nature. Have very specific characteristics A family is a scientific grouping of closely related organisms. It has smaller groups, called genera and species, within it. A family can have a lot of members or only a few. Examples of families include the cats (Felidae), the gulls (Laridae) and the grasses (Poaceae). A biology Class is a classification of organisms that contain general common traits, such as having a backbone, eight legs, etc. It is below Phyla and above Order. Division/Phylum is a taxonomic ranking that comes third in the hierarchy of classification, after domain and kingdom. Organisms in a phylum share a set a characteristics that distinguishes them from organisms in another phylum Thus as we go down general characteristics decreases and specific characteristics increases Answer : (a)

According to rules of binomial nomenclature, correctly written scientific name of mango is Mangifera indica Linn. Answer : (b)

Answer : (d)

Taxon is a taxonomic category, as a species, family, or class.. Or group of closely related organism, but very general in characteristics Taxonomic the science dealing with the description, identification, naming, and classification of organisms. Answer : (d)

Species are one of the fundamental units of comparison in virtually all subfields of biology, from anatomy to behavior, development, ecology, evolution, genetics, molecular biology, paleontology, physiology, and systematics. The biological species concept defines a species as members of populations that actually or potentially interbreed in nature, not according to similarity of appearance. Although appearance is helpful in identifying species, it does not define species. ,and do not inform how reproductive isolation comes about Answer : (d)

Tautonym is a scientific name in which the same word is used for both genus and species, for example Vulpesvulpes (the red fox). Answer : (b)

option ‘a’ or option ‘b’ are given in reverse order hence not correct Answer : (d)

Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné, was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who formalised the modern system of naming organisms called binomial nomenclature. Answer : (a)

Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné, was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who formalised the modern system of naming organisms called binomial nomenclature. Answer : (c)

In metabolism some substances are broken down to release energy for vital processes while other substances, necessary for life, are synthesized by gain of energy. The complex of physical and chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life Correct option ‘c’ Anabolism: the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the using storage of energy; constructive metabolism. Catabolism : the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism. Answer : (c)

Thanatology : the description or study of the phenomena of death and of psychological mechanisms for coping with them. DNA paternity testing is the use of DNA profiling (known as genetic fingerprinting) to determine ... For paternity testing Lie detection, also referred to as deception detection or polygraph test, uses questioning for detection of lie Answer : (a)

Answer : (a)

Taxonomic Hierarchy It is defined as sequence of categories in a decreasing or increasing order from kingdom to species and vice versa. Kingdom is the highest rank followed by division, class, order, family, genus and species. A taxonomist is a biologist that groups organisms into categories. A plant taxonomist for example, might study the origins and relationships between different types of roses while an insect taxonomist might focus on the relationships between different types of beetles. Paleontologists study fossil record Answer : (a)

Holotypes a single type specimen upon which the description and name of a new species is based. Syntypes each of a set of type specimens of equal status, upon which the description and name of a new species is based. Mesotype is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae Isotypes is a duplicate of the holotype gathering. Answer : (d)

A species is often defined as a group of individuals that actually or potentially interbreed in nature. Nicotiona sylvestris and N. tabacum are considered separate species because cannot interbreed in nature Answer : (a)

Binomial system of nomenclature for plant is effective from 1753. Answer:(d)

Tautonyms are not admissible as per Cambridge Code (1935) code of nomenclature The binomial system of nomenclature is structured so that the scientific name of a plant consists of two names: (1) the genus or generic name, and (2) the specific epithet or species name. There are rules to follow when writing a scientific name. Genus Name The genus name is written first. The genus name is always underlined or italicized. The first letter of the genus name is always capitalized. Example: Sansevieria or Sansevieria Specific Epithet The specific epithet is written second. The specific epithet is always underlined or italicized. The first letter of the specific epithet name is never capitalized. Example: trifasciata or trifasciata Scientific Name The scientific name of this plant would appear as follows: Sansevieriatrifasciata or Sansevieriatrifasciata Genus and species may be of same name in zoology but not in botany, called as tautonamy since question do not specify zoology option b is wrong Answer : (a)

Herbarium is defined as a collection of plants that usually have been dried, pressed, preserved on sheets and arranged according to any accepted system of classification for future reference and study. The preparation of a herbarium involves: (i) Field visits, (ii) Collection of specimens (iii) Drying, (iv) Mounting on a herbarium sheet, (v) Preservation: The mounted specimens are sprayed with fungicides like 2% of mercuric chloride. (vi) Labelling and (vii) Proper storage. Other options use and chemical formula 2,4-D : is 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (usually called 2,4-D) is an organic compound with the chemical formula C8H6C2O3. NAA : is N-Acetylaspartic acid, or N-acetylaspartate (NAA), is a derivative of aspartic acid with a formula of C6H9NO5 used as Neuronal osmolyte that is involved in fluid balance in the brain Carbon disulphide (CS2) : large amounts of which are used in the manufacture of viscose rayon, cellophane, and carbon tetrachlorid Answer : (c)

Homeostasis.is the tendency of biological systems to maintain relatively constant conditions in the internal environment while continuously interacting with and adjusting to changes originating within or outside the system. Enthalpy, Entropy and Steady state are thermodynamic terms Answer : (b)

Species exists classification is based on study of similarity and differences between species Answer : (d)

The term phylum was coined by Haeckel. Cuvier : Georges Cuvier, was a French naturalist and zoologist, sometimes referred to as the "father of paleontology". Paleontology is the study of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. Scientists called paleontologists study the remains of these ancient organisms, or living things. The remains, called fossils, were preserved in rocks. Theophrastus: referred as “Father of Botany” Carl Linnaeus: who formalized the modern system of naming organisms called binomial nomenclature Answer : (b)

The binomial system of nomenclature is structured so that the scientific name of a plant consists of two names: (1) the genus or generic name, and (2) the specific epithet or species name. Answer : (b)

Answer : (a)

Carl Linnaeus: who formalized the modern system of naming organisms called binomial nomenclature Hugo de Vries put forward a theory of evolution, called mutation theory. Sir Julian Sorell Huxley evolutionary biologist, eugenicist, and internationalist. He was a proponent of natural selection, and a leading figure in the mid-twentieth century modern evolutionary synthesis. John Ray was an early botanical and zoological systematist who divided plants into monocotyledons and dicotyledons. He was first person to produce a biological definition of what a species Answer : (b)

Answer : (a)

Sibling species.Any of two or more related species that are morphologically nearly identical but are incapable of producing fertile hybrids. Morphospecies A group of biological organisms that differs in some morphological(form and structure of organisms) respect from all other groups Sympatric species ,two species or populations are considered sympatric species when they exist in the same geographic area and thus frequently encounter one another. Allopatric species ,animals or plants, especially of related species or populations occurring in separate non-overlapping geographical areas. Answer : (d)

John Ray was the first person to produce a biological definition of what a species Charles Darwin was the originator of the biological theory of evolution Aristotle he pioneered the study of zoology, both observational and theoretical Linnaeus who formalized the modern system of naming organisms called binomial nomenclature Answer : (a)

As you go down specific character goes on increasing, or similar characteristics goes on increasing Each phylum has organisms that have common characteristics Classes are way to further divide organisms of a phylum. As you could probably guess, organisms of a class have even more in common than those in an entire phylum Answer : (b)

Cohort is a category placed in between Infra-class and super order. Answer : (d)

A species is often defined as a group of individuals that actually or potentially interbreed in nature. In this sense, a species is the biggest gene pool possible under natural conditions. In short reproductively isolated. For example, these happy face spiders look different, but since they can interbreed, they are considered the same species: Theridiongrallator. Therefore reproductive isolation is correct answer Answer : (d)