Intersterile:incapable of producing offspring by interbreeding. Sibling species. Any of two or more related species that are morphologically nearly identical but are incapable of producing fertile hybrids Answer : (c)

Ernst Mayr defined a species as follows: "species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups." Answer : (b)

Answer : (a)

Law of limiting factor : States that growth is controlled not by the total amount of resources available, but by the scarcest resource. Liebig’s Law of minimum: states that “To occur and thrive in a given situation an organism must have essential materials which are necessary for growth and reproduction. Biogenetic law : The biogenetic law is a theory of development and evolution. Energy flow or energy transformation is governed by laws of thermodynamic Answer : (b)

Hybridisation : the process of an animal or plant breeding with an individual of another species or variety. While species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups Answer : (a)

Biological species, defined on the basis of gene pools and reproductive isolation in ‘Biological Nomenclature’. Such a concept is clearly not applicable to entities like viruses Thus‘Biological Nomenclature’ is applicable to Plants and Animal Answer : (d)

The binomial system of nomenclature is structured so that the scientific name of a plant consists of two names: (1) the genus or generic name, and (2) the specific epithet or species name. Answer : (a)

International Code of Nomenclature The genus or generic name first letter in capital, and not second letter. Only ‘b’ option is correctly written. Answer : (b)

BNHS is abbreviation of Bombay Natural History Society Answer : (b)

The standard ending for the name of a zoological subtribe is "-ina". In botany, the standard ending for the name of a botanical tribe is "-eae". Answer : (d)

Binomial nomenclature has two parts- (I) Genus name (II)specific epithet Answer : (c)

Species Plantarum contained descriptions of the thousands of plant species known to Linnaeus at the time. In the first edition, there were 5,940 names Answer : (c)

Rules for Binomial nomenclature The entire two-part name must be written in italics (or underlined when handwritten). The genus name is always written first. The genus name must be capitalized. The specific epithet is never capitalized. Answer : (d)

Answer : (a)

Entropy is amount of the molecular disorder, or randomness, of a system . Thus part of energy is always utilized for randomness Answer : (a)

-oideae Used to form the taxonomic names of subfamilies of plants, algae and fungi. Answer : (d)

Holotypes a single type specimen upon which the description and name of a new species is based. Or we can say Specimen used by author as nomenclature type Answer : (a)

The arrectorpili muscles are small muscles attached to hair follicles in mammals. Contraction of these muscles causes the hairs to stand on end, known colloquially as goose bumps A hair follicle is a mammalian skin organ that produces hair. Capillary plexus A structure in the form of a network, especially of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatics: the cardiac plexus Sebaceous glands are microscopic exocrine glands in the skin that secrete an oily or waxy matter, called sebum, Answer : (b)

Defining features :A property held by all members of a class of object that is so distinctive that it is sufficient to determine membership in that class Most obvious features of living being is to sense change in surrounding environment and or stimuli, because which it can obtain its food to get energy and grow , growth towards stimuli is shown by plants Answer : (d)

Species is a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding. Answer : (b)

The formal introduction of Binomial system of naming species is credited to Carl Linnaeus, effectively beginning with his work Species Plantarum in 1753. Answer : (b)

The second element in the Latin binomial name of a species, which follows the generic name and distinguishes the species from others in the same genus. Option ‘a’ name is written in reverse order it should be Mangiferaindica (Mango) Option ‘b’ name is written in reverse order it should be Pantheraleo (Lion) Option ‘d’ Ascaris is a genus of parasitic nematode worms Answer : (c)

Anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units. Anabolism is the building-up aspect hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which water is used to break down the bonds of a particular substance. Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose. Respiration is a process in living organisms involving the production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances. Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis. All the above except photosynthesis are process that involves break down of complex molecule into simpler, smaller units. Photosynthesis involves formation of complex molecules from smaller units. Answer : (a)

Answer : (b)

Organisms break down the sugar to release its stored energy. The energy released from the breakdown of sugar is used by the cells to make another chemical that we call adenosine triphosphate, or simply abbreviated ATP. Thus energy transfer and the energy transformation occur continuously Answer : (d)

The key is a device used by biologists for identifying unknown organisms on the basis of similarities and dissimilarities. Systematists rely on keys to help identify known organisms and determine whether they have discovered a new organism entirely Le Règne Animal (The Animal Kingdom) is the most famous work of the French naturalist Georges Cuvier. It sets out to describe the natural structure of the whole of the animal kingdom based on comparative anatomy, and its natural history. John Ray was a highly influential English naturalist and botanist whose contributions to taxonomy are considered groundbreaking and historic. He is also well-known in the world of botany for the establishment of species as the ultimate unit of taxonom Answer : (c)

The second element in the Latin binomial name of a species, which follows the generic name and distinguishes the species from others in the same genus Answer : (b)

Answer : (b)

Malvaceae, or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants Except option ‘d’ all other are part of classification Answer : (d)

a taxon is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. It is a taxonomic group of any rank, such as a species, family, or class Answer : (c)