Division of cytoplasm.

Catalysis and synthesis of fatty acids

mRNA decoded to assemble polypeptide.Converts base sequence of nucleus acids into amino acid sequence of proteins.Involves mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.

Active transport is ATP dependent, whereas passive transport uses only the kinetic energy of the particles for movement across the plasma membrane

Drinking liquids

-cytoskeleton-centriole-ribosomes

Synthesis of cell's membranes

There are two types:-Active transport-Vesicular transportBoth require ATP to move solutes across a living plasma membrane because-solutes too large for channels-solute not lipid soluble-solute not able to move down concentration gradient

It is a dynamic fuid structure that is in constant flux.

-mitochondria-peroxisomes-lysosomes-endoplamic reticulum-golgi apparatus

Loosely attached to integral proteins. Include filaments on intracellular surface for membrane support. Function as enzymes; motor proteins for shape change during cell division and muslce contraction; cell-to-cell connections.

A voltage or electric charge across the plasma membrane.

It's DNA must be replicated exactly so that identical copies of the cell's genes can be passed on to each of its offspring.

Cilia move substances across cell surfaces.Longer flagella propel whole cells.

75% phospholipids (lipid bilayer)-phosphate heads: polar and hydrophilic.-Fatty acid tails: non-polar and hydrophobic.5% gylcolipids-Lipids with polar sugars on outer membrane surface.20% cholesterol-Increases membrane stability.

site of protein synthesiscontain protein and rRNA

Digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

Located in plasma membrane-cytosol-organelles-inclusions

Some cells "free"-e.g., blood cells, sperm cells.Some bound into communities.Three ways cells are bound:-Tight junctions: prevents fluids leaking.-Desmosomes: Velero-Gap junctions: Communicating.

Ropelike fibers, attach to desmosomes.

All cells have some common functions. Human cells have three basic parts: plasma membrane- flexible outer boundary. Cytoplasm- intracellular fluid containing organelles. Nucleus- control center.

Cells surrounded by interstitial fluid-contains thousands of substances, e.g, amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, vitamins, hormones, salts, waste products.Plasma membrane allows cells to -obtain from interstitial fluid exactly what it needs, exactly when it is needed. -Keep out what it does not need.Plasma membrane is selectively permeable.

Requires carrier proteins (solutes pumps) -binds specifically and reversibly with substance.Moves solutes against concentration-requires energy.

modifies, concentrated, and packages proteins and lipids from rough ER

Lipid bilayer and proteins in constantly changing fluid mosaic. Plays dynamic role in cellular activity. Separates intracellular fluid form extracellular fluid. Intersitial fluid = extracellular fluid that surrounds the cells.

Specialized junctions, wavy membrane contours, and glycoproteins.

Depending where the cell is located, the function can be very different.

TransportReceptors for signal transductionAttachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrixEnzymatic activityIntracellular joiningCell-cell recognition

Primary active transport-requires energy directly from ATP hydrolysisSecondary active transport-requires energy indirectly from ionic gradients created y primary active transport (kinetic)

Larest organelles. Three regions/structures. Uninucleate, multinucleate, and a nucleate.

Ability of solution to alter cell's water volume.-isotonic: solution with same no-penetrating solute concentration as cytosol. Ex: 0.9% NaCl, 99.1% H2O. Equal.-hypertonic: solution with higher non-penetrating solute concentration than cytosol. Ex: 2% NaCl, 98% H2O. Shrink.-hypotonic: solution with lower non-penetrating solute concentration than cytosol. Ex: 100% H2O. Burst.

hormone binding to receptor

Selective permeability allows cells to exclude some substances and allow others to pass into or out of the cell.

Mitochondria

Transcription and translation.

DNA info coded into mRNA.Transfers DNA gene base sequence to complementary base sequence of mRNA.

"cell center" near nucleus.contains paired centrioles,

two types:rough endoplasmic reticulumsmooth endoplasmic reticulum