Which of the following leads to the lowest water loss during a day?
0%
kidneys
0%
slowly
0%
feces
0%
activates parasympathetic output
Q.2.
Kidneys regulate...
0%
moderates changes in pH
0%
carbonic anhydrase
0%
water loss only
0%
plasma osmolarity
Q.3.
Angiotensin 2 stimulates
0%
They inhibit the reabsorption of potassium as well as sodium in the loop of Henle.
0%
thirst, vasoconstriction, and synthesis and release of aldosterone
0%
increases GFR and inhibits release of renin
0%
sympathetic output from the cardiovascular control centers to increase
Q.4.
Paracrine feedback form the _________ in the distal tubule to the granular cells stimulates release of ___________.
0%
ACE inhibitors
0%
macula densa, renin
0%
carbonic anhydrase
0%
metabolic alkalosis.
Q.5.
Which of the following concerning the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide is FALSE?
0%
kidney secrete fewer hydrogen ions
0%
reabsorb more potassium ions.
0%
increases aldosterone secretion.
0%
inhibition of vasopressin secretions.
Q.6.
The primary route for ion loss from the body is the ______ system.
0%
vasopressin
0%
Urinary
0%
prevent pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.
0%
hypothalamus
Q.7.
Which of the following is most likely to be observed in a patient with compensated respiratory alkalosis...
0%
exocytosis, endocytosis, membrane recycling.
0%
kidney secrete fewer hydrogen ions
0%
lose three-dimensional structures.
0%
activates parasympathetic output
Q.8.
Dehydration may cause some ions to become concentrated. If a person was suffering from severe hyperkalemia, you would expect...
0%
intercalated
0%
increased alveolar ventilation.
0%
abnormal cardiac rhythms.
0%
activates parasympathetic output
Q.9.
The two organ systems that work together to regulate most aspects of the body's water balance are...
0%
inhibition of vasopressin secretions.
0%
increases aldosterone secretion.
0%
To increase passive reabsorption of water.
0%
urinary and cardiovascular.
Q.10.
The _________ cells of the distal nephron are interspersed among the principal cells and contribute to acid-base regulation.
0%
hypothalamus
0%
Carbon dioxide
0%
hyperkalemia
0%
intercalated
Q.11.
The normal pH range for most body fluids is_____.
0%
ketoacidosis.
0%
hyperkalemia
0%
7.38 - 7.42
0%
vasopressin
Q.12.
The RAS pathway begins with secretion of...
0%
feces
0%
renin
0%
diuresis
0%
Urinary
Q.13.
Two house before a major surgery is to begin, the patient experience "jitters" and elevated heart rate and blood pressure. These symptoms are the result of...
0%
macula densa, renin
0%
metabolic alkalosis.
0%
inhibitation of vasopressin secretion.
0%
sympathetic activation.
Q.14.
The hormone that directly controls water reabsorption by he kidneys is...
0%
aldosterone
0%
vasopressin
0%
angiotensin 1
0%
only increases water permeability in certain portions of the kidney tubules.
Q.15.
________ interstitial osmolarity allows urine to be concentrated.
0%
intercalated
0%
shrink, increased
0%
High medullary
0%
hyperkalemia
Q.16.
The anatomical arrangement of the kidney that allows transfer of solutes from one blood vessel to another is called the...
0%
exocytosis, endocytosis, membrane recycling.
0%
intercalated
0%
countercurrent exchange system
0%
abnormal cardiac rhythms.
Q.17.
When the pH of body fluids beings to fall, proteins will...
0%
will still be expelled from the body in the urine
0%
alkalosis
0%
lose three-dimensional structures.
0%
increases aldosterone secretion.
Q.18.
Why do patients taking loop diuretics need to take supplemental potassium?
0%
They synthesize organic solutes as needed to match the osmolarity.
0%
They inhibit the reabsorption of potassium as well as sodium in the loop of Henle.
0%
only increases water permeability in certain portions of the kidney tubules.
0%
ACE inhibitors
Q.19.
Excess potassium ions are eliminated from the body by the...
0%
kidneys
0%
diuresis
0%
Urinary
0%
osmosis
Q.20.
The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of H₂O and CO₂ to H₂CO₃ is called...
0%
plasma osmolarity
0%
carbonic anhydrase
0%
angiotensin 1
0%
shrink, increased
Q.21.
A rise in angiotensin 2 levels would result in increased,
0%
feces
0%
ALL OF DEM
0%
cells to the ECF, and cells will shrink
0%
hyperkalemia
Q.22.
The venous return is increased, stretch receptors in the atria of the heart are activated. This results in .....
0%
inhibitation of vasopressin secretion.
0%
increased alveolar ventilation.
0%
angiotensin 1
0%
kidney secrete fewer hydrogen ions
Q.23.
Which of the followin is not true about angiotensin 2?
0%
lose three-dimensional structures.
0%
increases aldosterone secretion.
0%
feces
0%
activates parasympathetic output
Q.24.
ACE converts
0%
angiotensin 1
0%
angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
0%
activates parasympathetic output
0%
promotes sodium retention in the kidneys
Q.25.
Decreased ECF volume causes...
0%
stimulates the kidneys to conserve water.
0%
sympathetic activation.
0%
sympathetic output from the cardiovascular control centers to increase
0%
CNS depression and confusion and disorientation.
Q.26.
When a body is dehydrated, water in the urinary bladder
0%
will still be expelled from the body in the urine
0%
lose three-dimensional structures.
0%
reabsorb more potassium ions.
0%
cells to the ECF, and cells will shrink
Q.27.
A person who suffers from hyperventilation will exhibit signs of...
0%
activates parasympathetic output
0%
reabsorb more potassium ions.
0%
respiratory alkalosis
0%
respiratory acidosis
Q.28.
Aldosterone....
0%
promotes sodium retention in the kidneys
0%
CNS depression and confusion and disorientation.
0%
angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
0%
cells to the ECF, and cells will shrink
Q.29.
A buffer...
0%
moderates changes in pH
0%
promotes sodium retention in the kidneys
0%
stimulates the kidneys to conserve water.
0%
controlled by centers in the hypothalamus and triggered by increased osmolarity.
Q.30.
The primary osmoreceptors are located in the...
0%
osmosis
0%
Urinary
0%
prevent pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.
0%
hypothalamus
Q.31.
Cell volume in most cells is dependent upon careful regulation of...
0%
increases aldosterone secretion.
0%
osmolarity of extracellular fluid
0%
cells to the ECF, and cells will shrink
0%
inhibition of vasopressin secretions.
Q.32.
Atrial natriuretic peptide...
0%
To increase passive reabsorption of water.
0%
increases GFR and inhibits release of renin
0%
increased alveolar ventilation.
0%
increases aldosterone secretion.
Q.33.
Osmoreceptors depolarize after they _______ in response to _______ plasma osmolarity.
0%
ACE inhibitors
0%
aldosterone
0%
shrink, increased
0%
blood vessels.
Q.34.
The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of ...
0%
carbonic anhydrase
0%
hypothalamus
0%
plasma osmolarity
0%
angiotensin 1
Q.35.
An explorer has been lost in the desert for two days with very little water. As a result, you would expect to observe...
0%
inhibitation of vasopressin secretion.
0%
increased alveolar ventilation.
0%
Elevated vasopressin levels.
0%
carbonic anhydrase
Q.36.
Thirst is...
0%
controlled by centers in the hypothalamus and triggered by increased osmolarity.
0%
Low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron and a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule.
0%
promotes sodium retention in the kidneys
0%
moderates changes in pH
Q.37.
Water reabsorption by the kidneys is a result of...
0%
alkalosis
0%
osmosis
0%
kidneys
0%
slowly
Q.38.
The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to...
0%
prevent pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.
0%
both glycogen breakdown and protein breakdown
0%
hypothalamus
0%
only increases water permeability in certain portions of the kidney tubules.
Q.39.
Stimuli for the activation of the RAS pathway include...
0%
will still be expelled from the body in the urine
0%
CNS depression and confusion and disorientation.
0%
Low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron and a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule.
0%
activates parasympathetic output
Q.40.
Which effect would a decrease in pH have on the amount of potassium ion in the urine?
0%
feces
0%
aldosterone
0%
Decrease
0%
alkalosis
Q.41.
The osmolarity in the deepest part of the loop of Henle is _______ mOsM.
0%
1200
0%
vasopressin
0%
Urinary
0%
feces
Q.42.
Renal tubule cells in the kidney medulla are constantly exposed to high extracellular osmolarity. How do they maintain normal cell volume?
0%
both glycogen breakdown and protein breakdown
0%
only increases water permeability in certain portions of the kidney tubules.
0%
thirst, vasoconstriction, and synthesis and release of aldosterone
0%
They synthesize organic solutes as needed to match the osmolarity.
Q.43.
Symptoms of low plasma pH may include...
0%
CNS depression and confusion and disorientation.
0%
increases GFR and inhibits release of renin
0%
only increases water permeability in certain portions of the kidney tubules.
0%
prevent pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.
Q.44.
Shrinkage of hepatocytes in the liver causes them to cause which of the following?
0%
both glycogen breakdown and protein breakdown
0%
increases aldosterone secretion.
0%
inhibitation of vasopressin secretion.
0%
will still be expelled from the body in the urine
Q.45.
In a response to a rapid increase of organic acid in the body, you would expect to observe...
0%
increases aldosterone secretion.
0%
urinary and cardiovascular.
0%
increased alveolar ventilation.
0%
abnormal cardiac rhythms.
Q.46.
When the pH rises above 7.42, a state of _________ exists.
0%
reabsorb more potassium ions.
0%
alkalosis
0%
diuresis
0%
angiotensin 1
Q.47.
A person who suffers from emphysema will exhibit signs of ...
0%
hyperkalemia
0%
respiratory acidosis
0%
macula densa, renin
0%
reabsorb more potassium ions.
Q.48.
Elisabeth Kubler Ross believed that when a person is dying of a terminal illness, depression is
0%
It is not uncommon for for americans to reach adulthood without having seen someone die.
0%
Denial and isolation.
0%
Know that they are dying.
0%
Part of the normal process of detaching the self from love objects.
Q.49.
Traditional Amish and Jewish cultures are similar in how they cope with death in that they both
0%
Provide a lot of community support for the family over several months.
0%
produce more intense feelings in servivors than if the person died of a long illness.
0%
Part of the normal process of detaching the self from love objects.
0%
All electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specified period of time.
Q.50.
In Harrington & Smith's study of patients with advanced cancer. only _____ of doctors told patients how long they were likely to live.
0%
Passive
0%
Part of the normal process of detaching the self from love objects.
0%
37 percent
0%
Denial and isolation.
Q.51.
What is the leading cause of infant death in the united states?
0%
Passive
0%
Know that they are dying.
0%
It is not uncommon for for americans to reach adulthood without having seen someone die.
0%
SIDS
Q.52.
Which of the following is true of the American attitude toward death.
0%
It is not uncommon for for americans to reach adulthood without having seen someone die.
0%
SIDS
0%
Part of the normal process of detaching the self from love objects.
0%
Know that they are dying.
Q.53.
Turning off a respirator or a heart lung machine is an example of _____ euthanasia.
0%
37 percent
0%
Passive
0%
SIDS
0%
Denial and isolation.
Q.54.
Most psychologist believe that it is best for dying individuals to
0%
SIDS
0%
Know that they are dying.
0%
It is not uncommon for for americans to reach adulthood without having seen someone die.
0%
Denial and isolation.
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