The slums and poorest neighborhoods in the "Latin" American city model occupy the outer urban ring as well as the least desirable sectors leading away from city center.

The Spanish territories located closest to centers of viceroyalty power were the first to become independent from Spain during the 1800s. South America gained its independence from Spain.

Iquitos is Bolivia's "Atlantic port."

According to Figure 3-10, the city of Bogotá is located in a leading area of insurgent activity in Colombia.