Weathering is normally studied as the first stage in a two stage process - weathering and erosion. What is the key difference between weathering and erosion?
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Weathering is in situ (in one place), whilst erosion involves moving material away
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Weathering is destructive, whilst erosion forms structures
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Erosion is the removal of material, whilst weathering is the placing of material
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Weathering is only caused by climate (e.g. rain and ice), whilst erosion is caused by all other destructive forces
Q.2.
What are the three types of weathering?
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Mechanical, physical, stress
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Biological, stress, macro
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Chemical, biological, physical
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Macro, micro, massive
Q.3.
In temperate regions freeze-thaw weathering, also known as frost shattering, is a major source of weathering. What are the conditions required for freeze-thaw weathering to occur?
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Temperatures below freezing allowing ice to form
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Day time temperatures hot enough to crack rocks and night time temperatures cold enough to shrink rocks and so widen these cracks
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Large amounts of water that can seep into rocks and be available to freeze
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High diurnal (daily) temperate range, with night time temperatures below freezing point, and day time temperatures consistently above freezing. Water available to freeze in cracks in the rocks
Q.4.
How does freeze-thaw weathering occur?
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Ice forms and builds up night after night. As the ice builds up on the face of the ice block it forces the rocks apart
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Cracks in rock fill with water. When the temperature falls ice forms and expands, widening the crack. When the temperature rises the ice melts and water seeps deeper into cracks to repeat the cycle
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The rocks themselves freeze during the night and thaw during the day. This eventually cracks the rocks
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Freezing rivers push back on their banks and expand the width of the river
Q.5.
Areas such as Scotland have large amounts of freeze-thaw weathering but why doesn’t freeze-thaw weathering occur in very cold locations such as the Polar regions?
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The temperature range rarely comes above freezing meaning that there is no water available to seep deeper into the rocks to further expand the crack
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There is no night and day cycle so there isn’t a temperature range
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The water is salt water which can’t freeze
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The rock types are too tough to be weathered by this method
Q.6.
Which of the following is an example of physical weathering?
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Hydration
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Freeze-thaw weathering
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Exfoliation
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Salt crystal growth
Q.7.
Which of the following types of weathering has the correct label attached?
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The sun heating rocks and causing them to expand and crack - chemical weathering
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Tree roots forcing their way into cracks in rocks and forcing them wider - biological weathering
Waves breaking down cobbles into sand - biological weathering
Q.8.
Rocks containing iron often show a red colouration. This is a type of chemical weathering. What is occurring to make the rocks turn red?
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Iron compounds within the rock structure are oxidizing in the same way ferrous metals rust
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The red colouration was naturally there and the weathering exposes the color
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The rock is taking up the red color from the soil and these are exposed by chemical weathering
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Copper compounds in the rocks are oxidized to form this red color
Q.9.
Which of the following is a reason for tropical areas having higher rates of weathering than temperate zones?
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A large amount of rainfall leads to increased weathering
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Large amounts of vegetation lead to increased biological weathering
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Great forces of wave action on the coastal zone lead to increased weathering
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Being closer to the equator there are higher temperatures leading to higher rates of chemical weathering
Q.10.
When rocks are heated and expand, and then cool and contract, thin slivers of rock tend to flake off at the surface. What is the name given to this weathering process?
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Freeze-thaw weathering
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Erosion
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Pavementing
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Exfoliation
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