Many signal transduction pathways use second messengers to:
transport a signal through the lipid bilayer portion of the plasma membrane.
relay a signal from the outside to the inside of the cell.
relay the message from the inside of the membrane throughout the cytoplasm.
amplify the message by phosphorylating proteins.
Q.5.
What could happen to the target cells in an animal that lack receptors for local regulators?
They could compensate by receiving nutrients via an α factor.
They could develop normally in response to neurotransmitters instead.
They could divide but never reach full size.
They would not be able to multiply in response to growth factors from nearby cells.
Q.6.
What could happen to target cells in an animal that lack receptor for local regulators?
They could compensate by receiving nutrients via an α factor.
They could develop normally in response to neurotransmitters instead.
They could divide but never reach full size.
They would not be able to multiply in response to growth factors from nearby cells.
Q.7.
Each of the following numbered processes are involved in signal transduction pathways: I. Response II. Amplification III. Reception IV. Transduction Which of the following represents the sequence of events in a typical signal transduction pathway?
I, II, III, IV
III, I, IV, II
II, IV, I, III
III, IV, II, I
Q.8.
How can surface area (SA) be increased?
Grow larger
Divide into smaller pieces
Q.9.
Which is not a signaling step?
reception
transduction
response
second messaging
Q.10.
What organelle stores calcium?
smooth ER
rough ER
nucleus
mitochondrion
Q.11.
What is the amplification of a series of kinases called?
phosphorylation cascade
kinase cascade
phosphatase cascade
ATPase cascade
Q.12.
Which is not a membrane receptor?
G protein-coupled receptor
Receptor tyrosine kinase
Ligand-gated ion channel
Intracellular receptor
Q.13.
Long distance signaling molecules are known as what?
paracrine
endocrine
hormones
gap junctions
Q.14.
Long distance signaling in animals is called what?
paracrine
endocrine
hormone
gap junctions
Q.15.
What determines whether a signal molecule binds on the surface or enters the cell?
size
polarity
ability to cross the membrane
all of these are correct
Q.16.
Each of the following numbered processes are involved in signal transduction pathways:i Responseii Amplificationiii Receptioniv TransductionWhich of the following represents the sequence of events in a typical signal transduction pathway?
i, ii, iii, iv
iii, i, iv, ii
ii, iv, i, iii
iii, iv, ii, i
Q.17.
Give the correct sequence of apoptosis:Nucleus begins to breakNucleus condensation and formation of blebPhagocytosis of apoptotic bodies
1,2,3
2,3,1
3,2,1
2,1,3
Q.18.
When epinephrine binds to cardiac muscle cells, it speeds their contraction. When it binds to muscle cells of the small intestine, it inhibits their contraction. Which of the following best accounts for the fact that the same hormone can have different effects on muscle cells.
Cardiac cells have more receptors for epinephrine than do intestinal cells.
Epinephrine circulates to the heart first and thus is in higher concentration around cardiac cells.
The two types of muscle cells have different pathways for epinephrine and thus have different cellular responses.
Cardiac muscle is stronger than intestinal muscle and thus has a stronger response to epinephrine.
Q.19.
A cell is known to respond to a particular signalling molecule. Which of the following must be true of this cell?
It is in the heart muscle.
It is also the site of the production for the signalling molecule.
It contains the receptor for the signalling molecule.
It is incapable of signal transduction.
Q.20.
A signal molecule that binds to a plasma membrane proteis is a
ligand
second messenger
protein kinase
receptor protein
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