Which of the following would be an example of paracrine signaling in animals?
neurotransmitter acetylcholine
hormone epinephrine
neurotransmitter norepinephrine
growth factor
Q.2.
For cells to stay alive they require what type of SA:V?
Large SA, Large V
Small SA, Large V
Large SA, Small V
Small SA, Small V
Q.3.
Which of the following is not a step in cell signaling?
reception
transduction
response
transport
Q.4.
When epinephrine binds to cardiac (heart) muscle cells, it speeds their contraction. When it binds to muscle cells of the small intestine, it inhibits their contraction. Which of the following best accounts for the fact that the same hormone can have different effects on muscle cells?
Cardiac cells have more receptors for epinephrine than do intestinal cells
Epinephrine circulates to the heart first and thus is in higher concentration around cardiac cells
The two types of muscle cells have different signal transduction pathways for epinephrine and thus have different cellular responses
Cardiac muscle is stronger than intestinal muscle and thus has a stronger response to epinephrine
Q.5.
All of the following statements about ligand-receptor complexes are true EXCEPT
A. Most receptors exhibit ligand specificity.
Ligand–receptor interactions are reversible
Ligand–receptor interactions are reversible
Ligand-receptor complexes are most often formed in cell communication pathways in which participating cells are in direct contact
Q.6.
The 3 steps of signal transduction in order are
reception, transduction, response
response, transduction, reception
reception, response, transduction
transduction, reception, response
Q.7.
Which of the following can activate a protein by transferring a phosphate group to it?
cAMP
G proteins
phosphodiesterase
protein kinase
Q.8.
Of the following, a receptor protein in a membrane that recognizes a chemical signal is most similar to
the active site of an enzyme in the cytoplasm that binds to a specific substrate.
RNA specifying the amino acids in a polypeptide.
genes making up a chromosome.
an enzyme with an optimal pH and temperature for activity.
Q.9.
What is a G protein?
specific type of membrane-receptor protein
protein on the cytoplasmic side of a membrane
membrane-bound enzyme
relay protein
Q.10.
Which of the following is a chemical message that usually travels through the bloodstream to target cells?
hormone
local regulator
endocrine cell
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