LCL = D3 R.

Explanation: The obtained limits from the equation of control limits for a x and R chart, are generally treated as Trial limits. They allow us to determine whether the process was in control when the m initial samples were taken.

Explanation: The term “control charts” is having a closest meaning to “sampling distribution” because, control charts are also plotted on the data obtained from the sample inspection and also, they show variation in sample data.

Explanation: Process capability studies make use of the specifications of any certain Critical-to-quality characteristic or quality characteristic to estimate the performance of any process.

Explanation: The run chart of individual observations in each sample is called the tolerance diagram for any process. The tolerance diagram is also called Tier chart of the process.

Explanation: There is no certain relationship defined; between the control limits of x and R charts and the specification limits of any quality characteristic.

Explanation: The control limits are the limits for a quality characteristic for a process to be in-control. They are driven by the natural variability of the process.

Explanation: The natural variability of any process is the main factor affecting the control limits of any quality characteristic while plotting a control chart. They are measured by process standard deviation, σ.

Explanation: The number of defectives in the samples of the output of a process is monitored by the p chart and the number of defects is monitored by a “c chart”.