Explanation: As the value of torsional modulus increases, the torsional strength increases. For example, a hollow circular shaft compared to that of solid shaft of the same area will have more torsional strength.

Explanation: The equipment torque is the twisting moment which acts along to produce the maximum shear stress due to combined bending and torsion.

Explanation: The devices or structures installed for the purpose of drawing water from the sources are called intakes. Water is distributed from the source to the treatment through conduits.

Explanation: Gravity conduits are those in which water flows under more action of gravity. Flumes are open channels supported on (over the ground surfaces).

Explanation: Tunnels are portions of aqueduct used while crossing a hill or rock. They may be grade tunnels or pressure tunnels depending on whether the water flows with a free surface or under pressure.

Explanation: Aqueduct is covered waterways used to carry water from a remote source to origin of distribution. Water is not under pressure, so the aqueduct can even be built of brick with a velocity of 0.9 metre per second.

Explanation: The hydraulic gradient line in channels coincides with the water surface in a canal or open channel. The generally canals are trapezoidal in shape but rectangular sections prove economical.

Explanation: Pressure conduits are also known as pipe conduits in which large amounts of water flow under pressure. The location is so chosen that it will be most favourable with regard to the construction cost and resulting pressures.

Explanation: Velocities should be high enough to prevent silt deposition in the pipe and should be about 0.6 to 0.8 m/s. At low points, in the pipes, blow off branches with valves are placed to drain the water.

Explanation: Steel pipes are manufactured for various purposes like rising mains, conveying mains distribution systems and inverted siphons. They are used in size ranging from 900 mm to 3000 mm in diameter.

Explanation: A partial vacuum is formed while emptying the steel pipeline, it is likely to collapse easily or get deform permanently. Steel pipes are more liable to resist acidic nature.

Explanation: Reinforced concrete pipes maybe precast or cast in situ. The life of pipes is more than 65 years. They are not easily biodegradable. They can be manufactured with indigenous equipment.

Explanation: RCC pipes can be used up to a pressure of 3 kg/cm2. Cast Iron pipes and steel pipes up to 24 kg/cm2.

Explanation: HDPE stands for High Density Polyethylene Pipe. HDPE pipes of sizes ranging from 300 to 3000 mm internal diameter are manufactured by a helical winding process.

Explanation: Fibre glass reinforced plastic pipes are manufactured using glass fibre, polyester resin and fillers to form a homogeneous structure. They are light in weight (1/5 of the steel and 1/10 of concrete).