P = 10×132/ 2 = 845kN.

= 4400kN.

Explanation: The pressure intensity of water at a free surface is always zero and increase linearly to a maximum at the base and is equal to “ wh”.

Explanation: Self weight of the Dam at vertically downwards passing through centre of gravity of the damn section and Total horizontal water pressure acts horizontally at heel of the dam.

Explanation: To avoid the failure of crushing, the maximum compressive stress developed at the base of the dam should not exceed the permissible compressive stress for masonry with which the dam is constructed.

Explanation: For no tension to develop in the dam section at any condition, the eccentricity developed with the resultant should be always less than b/6. The resultant must always lie within the middle third.

W = 2437.5 kN.

Explanation: The material retained by the retaining wall is called back fill. The top surface of the back fills maybe him the horizontal or inclined.

Explanation: The back fill lying above a horizontal plane at an elevation of the top of wall is known as a surcharge and its inclination to the horizontal is called surcharge angle.

Explanation: The pressure exerted by back fill on retaining wall is called an active earth pressure. This is the minimum earth pressure exerted by the soil. This is also known as practical pressure.

Explanation: Angle of internal friction is defined as the maximum slope at which the particles of soil will come in rest due to their internal friction. It is also called an angle of repose for water it is 0°.

Explanation: The pressure exerted by the retaining wall on the retained earth is called passive earth pressure. This is a maximum earth pressure due to maximum shear stress on the retaining wall. This is also known as theoretical pressure.

Explanation: The combination of both inorganic and organic materials which will help to reduce the water content for getting higher workability are known as plasticizers. Examples are calcium, sodium, salts of hydrocarbons etc.

Explanation: In this curing, the exposed surface of the concrete is kept in a damp and moist condition for a long time, the vertical members like columns and walls can be adopted for this type of curing.

Explanation: Fatigue is the property of a material by which the material with stands to repeating, reversing or varying upcoming loads. The best example of fatigue is concrete and prestressed concrete.